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THE STANDARD MODEL

THE STANDARD MODEL. Prepared by : Noor Suliman D.r :- Issam Rashed. : Abstract. 1-Fundamental particles( Fermions+ Bosons . 2 -The Fundamental Forces . 3 -The Force carriers. What the standard model?.

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THE STANDARD MODEL

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  1. THE STANDARD MODEL Prepared by : Noor Suliman D.r:- IssamRashed

  2. :Abstract 1-Fundamental particles(Fermions+ Bosons. 2-The Fundamental Forces. 3-The Force carriers.

  3. What the standard model? • The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory of three of the four known fundamental interactions and the elementary particles that take part in these interactions. These particles make up all visible matter in the universe.

  4. :Fundamental particles • Fundamental particles are either the building blocks of matter, called fermions, or the carriers • of forces, called bosons. • There are twelve named fermions and four named bosons in the standard model.

  5. :Quark - have half-integer spin - elementary particle - most stable of which are protons and neutrons - six types of quarks

  6. :Quark • -three in the down group, each with a charge of −1/3e • -three in the up group, each with a charge of +2/3e

  7. Leptons: • - leptons are solitary particles. • -spin-1⁄2particles • -does not undergo strong interactions. • -One of the most prominent properties of leptons is their electric charge, Q.

  8. lepton families: • -Leptons are divided into • -electron neutrino. • -muonneutrino. • -tau neutrino.

  9. The electromagnetic force : • The electromagnetic force causes like-charged things to repel and oppositely-charged things to attract. • The carrier particle of the electromagnetic force is the photon  . •   Photons of different energies span the electromagnetic spectrum of x rays, visible light, radio waves.

  10. The strong force : • The strong force between the quarks in one proton and the quarks in another proton is strong enough to overwhelm the repulsive electromagnetic force.

  11. -The strong force holds quarks together to form hadrons • -The force between color-charged particles is very strong . • so its carrier particles are called gluons

  12. The weak force: • are responsible for the decay of massive quarks and leptons into lighter quarks and leptons. When fundamental particles decay, it is very strange: we observe the particle vanishing and being replaced by two or more different particles. causes transformation of protons to neutrons • causes transformation of protons to neutrons

  13. Bosons: • - is massless • -has no charge or color • -is described by the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED) • -have integral spin (±0, ±1, ±2, ±3, … ) • -Gluons, photons, and the W, Z and higgs are all bosons

  14. As the particles that make up light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, photons are the bosons • All the force carrier particles are bosons, as are those composite particles with an even number of fermion particles (like mesons • two or more bosons may be described by the same quantum numbers.

  15. Thank you

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