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Mississippi Studies

Mississippi Studies. Chapter 1. Pre-Test. Get out a clean sheet of paper Number the paper 1 through 5 and answer the following questions What were two of the main Indian Tribes in Mississippi? Who were the first Europeans in Mississippi? A. Spanish B. French C. British

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Mississippi Studies

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  1. Mississippi Studies Chapter 1

  2. Pre-Test • Get out a clean sheet of paper • Number the paper 1 through 5 and answer the following questions • What were two of the main Indian Tribes in Mississippi? • Who were the first Europeans in Mississippi? • A. Spanish B. French C. British • What is the average summer temperature in Mississippi? • A. 70 B. 80 C. 90 • Which of the following is considered the coldest month in Mississippi? • A. November B. December C. January • Who discovered the Mississippi River? • A. Hernando DeSoto B. Robert de LaSalle C. D’Iberville

  3. Early Mississippi History • Mississippi has a deep history or Native Americans • Many of our cities and counties have Native American names • Even the name Mississippi is derived from Indian words meaning Great River

  4. Prehistoric Cultures • Paleo Culture 10,000 B.C. – 8,000 B.C. • Archaic Culture 8,000 B.C. – 500 B.C. • Woodland Culture 500 B.C. – 1,000 A.D. • Mississippian Culture 1,000 A.D. – 1,600 A.D.

  5. Early Mississippi History • Paleo Indians were the first people in Mississippi • It is believed they crossed the land bridge connecting Alaska and Russia • Mounds are the most visible legacy of the Native Americans • Uses: religious temples, homes, and burials • Emerald Mound in Mississippi is the 2nd largest in the US • Most Native Americans live in clans • Clan – is a group of people who are related to each other

  6. Early Native Americans • Paleo • Ice Age • Earliest Americans crossed land bridge from Siberia into Alaska (and downward from there) • Archaic • Climate warmer and drier • Native Americans adjusted to climate and became less nomadic • Woodland • Highly organized societies in Mississippi and Ohio River valleys developed • Built burial mounds over tombs • Moundbuilders– lived alongside rivers and streams (see slides below) • Villages grew larger and tied together politically • Used bow and arrow

  7. Mississippian • built religious buildings and the homes of chiefs on top of their flat, rectangular mounds • Choctaw connect their early history with a mound called NanihWaiya [Na’-naWai’-a] along the Pearl River in southeastern Winston County

  8. In Natchez

  9. The Temple Mound atWinterville

  10. Mound sites in Mississippi • Bear Creek • Pharr • Owl Creek • Bynum • Winterville • Jaketown • NanihWaiya • Pocahontas • Boyd • Emerald • Grand Village

  11. Mississippi Tribes (tribes in red indicate the larger tribes) • CHICKASAW (north Mississippi) • TAPOSA • CHAKCHIUMA • IBITOUPA • TIOU • YAZOO • HOUMA • KOROA • TUNICA • NATCHEZ (south Mississippi) • CHOCTAW (central Mississippi) • ACOLAPISSA • BILOXI • PASCAGOULA

  12. CHOCTAW • Connect early history with NanihWaiya (Winston County) • Had 25 to 30 villages and each person had a voice in government • Major crop: maize (corn) • One of three largest tribes • The only major visible tribe in Mississippi today • (Choctaw Code Talkers – Choctaw nation – not just Mississippi) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y0mmVxxr3w

  13. NATCHEZ • “Great Sun” chief lived on top of mound here • Major crop: maize (corn) • One of three largest tribes • http://www.wlbt.com/story/15279745/emerald-mound-in-natchez

  14. CHICKASAW • Major crop: maize (corn) • One of three largest tribes

  15. MISSISSIPPIAN NATIVE AMERICANS • Smaller tribes: Choula, Pascagoula, Tunica, Biloxi • Larger tribes: Chickasaw, Choctaw, Natchez • Major crop: maize (corn) • Well organized and had developed ways of life that fit into environment (HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION) • Each village included several clans (groups of related families) • Punished criminals • Protected individuals from violence • Exogamy: practice of marrying outside the clan • Polygyny: having more than one wife (occasionally, a man in tribe had two wives) • Built villages close to streams/creeks • Religious beliefs: centered on sun and the sacred fires (represented sun on Earth); believed in many spirits associated with nature and animals

  16. SPANISH EXPLORERS • First to visit MS • (1539-1542) Hernando de Soto explored area searching for gold and silver • Attacked north of Mobile by Native Americans but NA did not know how to fight soldiers so were defeated • Introduced horses/hogs to America • MAIN OUTCOME: diseases spread from Spanish to Native Americans who had no immunity to them • Repeatedly attacked by Native Americans • Reached Gulf of Mexico and sailed to Mexico • Never returned

  17. FRENCH EXPLORERS • Visited MS after Spaniards • Originally settled in Quebec, Canada and explored from there • 1673: Louis Jolliet (trader) and Father Jacques Marquette (missionary) sailed down MS River and reached present-day site Rosedale, MS • Turned around when they realized that river flowed into Gulf and not Pacific Ocean • 1682: Rene Cavelier, de La Salle, Henri de Tonti, and Father Membre traveled down MS River and claimed region for France • From 1699 to 1763, the future state of Mississippi was a part of the French colony of Louisiana. • During these years, the French explored the region, established settlements and military outposts, engaged in political and economic relations with the area’s American Indians, and sought to establish a profitable economy • Fort Maurepas – first permanent settlement in MS

  18. French: built Fort Rosalie in 1716 (Natchez)

  19. BRITISH MISSISSIPPI • MS officially part of province West Florida (1763) (included southern halves of Alabama and MS as well as parts of Florida) • 1783 Treaty of Paris (between US and Great Britain…peace treaty of Revolutionary War): US controlled southern boundary at 31 degrees north latitude • Spain held territory south of that line (refused to give up Natchez District which was north of line) • Spain signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty) in 1795 in which it recognized the 31st parallel as the boundary between Spanish Florida and the United States.

  20. SETTLEMENTS • Spain, England, and France established colonial settlements in eastern North America • First European settlement in MS – Ocean Springs • Mississippi ruled first by French, then English, and finally Spain • Mississippi Territory - after centuries of control by several European powers, the land that would become Mississippi became a part of the United States at the close of the 18th century… April 7, 1798, Congress created the Mississippi Territory

  21. Mississippi Territory • Most Europeans living in the territory lived along the MS River • Natchez was the capital of the territory • By 1817 the Mississippi Territory applied for statehood • However the US Congress did not want to allow it to be a state because it was too large • As a result the split the territory • December 10, 1817 MS became the 20th state of the US

  22. Mississippi’s Climate

  23. Mississippi’s Climate • Climate – conditions of the atmosphere over a long period of time • Weather – conditions of the atmosphere over a short period of time • Humid subtropical climate (long hot summers; short mild winters) • Average yearly temperature is 62 degrees • Average summer temperature is 80 degrees • Average winter temperature is 48 degrees • January is the coldest month • Receives about 55 inches of rainfall a year • Because of MS’s climate agriculture is important to its economy • Growing season

  24. Storms • Tornadoes • Funnel shaped clouds that cause massive destruction • Smith County in MS and the state of MS are the most likely places in the nation to receive a tornado • MS has more deaths from tornadoes than any other state • Tornadoes are measured on the Fujita Scale • The weather channel now also uses Tor:con

  25. TOR:CON Value Descriptions 8+ Very high probability of a tornado 
6 - High probability of a tornado
4 - Moderate chance of a tornado nearby, but hail and/or high wind gusts possible
2 - Low chance of a tornado, but hail and/or high wind gusts possible
0 - Near-zero chance of a tornado or a severe thunderstorm

  26. Storms • Hurricanes • Storms that form in the Atlantic Ocean with winds of at least 74 mph – 155 mph + • They are measured on the Saffir-Simpson scale using numbers 1-5 • Usually called category • There have been two major hurricanes in Mississippi • Camille 1969 • Katrina 2005

  27. Regions Of Mississippi

  28. Six Major Regions

  29. 1. Delta • A flat, alluvial plain that runs along the banks of the MS River from Memphis to Vicksburg • The soil allows for the growth of large cotton crops • Farming in the 1800s was based on Sharecropping

  30. 2. Loess Hills • Their economy is based on cattle, light manufacturing, and industry

  31. 3. Red Clay Hills • This area is ideal for crops especially cotton because there are few trees • Economy: trade, commerce, and industry

  32. 4. Northeast Highlands • Woodall Mountain is the highest point in the state

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