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OPERATIONS MANUAL

OPERATIONS MANUAL. OPERATIONS MANUAL PART-A GENERAL / BASIC 8. OPERATING PROCEDURES 8.2. GROUND HANDLING. REV16. 8. OPERATING PROCEDURES 8.2. GROUND HANDLING. 8.2.1. FUELLING PROCEDURES 8.2.1.1. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

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OPERATIONS MANUAL

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  1. OPERATIONSMANUAL

  2. OPERATIONSMANUAL PART-A GENERAL / BASIC 8. OPERATING PROCEDURES 8.2. GROUND HANDLING REV16

  3. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.1. FUELLING PROCEDURES 8.2.1.1. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Safety precautions must be always taken to preclude the possibility of fire during refueling anddefueling procedures. The main causes of risk of fire with fuel deal with: - Spark due to static electricity - Hot point ( engines, APU, ground installations, smoking). The fuel generally does not catch fire easily, but the risk of fire is increased when the fuel is sprayed(link, disconnecting pipe) and in the presence of fuel vapor specially when low flash point fuelsareused. General safety precautions for fuelling procedures and the list of approved fuel types and additives aregiven in Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM) Servicing Chapter. Therefore, the following precautions apply during any fuelling operations: . Engine ignition system must be "OFF" . The weather radar must be switched OFF . Radio is not transmitting on HF. . Electrical circuits in the tanks area must not been connected ordisconnected . No open flame, smoking is permitted around the aircraft . No refueling is permitted during thunderstorms

  4. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.1. FUELLING PROCEDURES 8.2.1.2. REFUELING WITH ONE ENGINE RUNNING Procedure for refueling with one engine running is given in FCOM "LOADING" Chapter. This procedure may be used only if: - No external ground pneumatic is available while APU is unserviceable. - Imports authorization is obtained for this operation. - Airport fire department stands by at the aircraft during the entire refueling procedure. - One flight crewmember can manage the operation and monitor all systems and the enginerunning from the cockpit. - A qualified ground crew member is present at the fuelling station. - The refueling system is fully operational (over wing filling is not permitted).

  5. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.1. FUELLING PROCEDURES 8.2.1.3. REFUELING AND DEFUELING WHEN PASSENGERS ARE EMBARKING ONBOARD OR DISEMBARKING Fuelling with Jet A or Jet A1, when passengers are embarking, on board, or disembarking isall over. However, when passengers are involved, precautions must be taken to ensure thatthey can be evacuated in the unlikely event that fire does occur. These precautions involvethe ramp agent, the engineer (qualified ground crew member), the cabin crew and thepilot(s). . The Ramp Agent must ensure that, pilot(s), cabin crew and engineer are at their stations,that the area around emergency exits is kept clear, that the fire service is alerted and thatpassenger boarding / disembarkation is carried out in a controlled manner. . The Pilot(s) must establish communication with the engineer, inform the cabin crew of thebeginning and ending of fuelling, listen for fire warning from the engineer and be prepared toinitiate passenger evacuation if necessary. . The Engineer or ground persons or refueller or any suitable person who isaccepted by captain must establish communication with the pilot(s), inform the pilot(s) ofthe beginning and ending of fuelling, and alert Pilot(s) if fire occurs. He must stop fuellingupon pilot request.

  6. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.1. FUELLING PROCEDURES 8.2.1.3. REFUELING AND DEFUELING WHEN PASSENGERS ARE EMBARKING ONBOARD OR DISEMBARKING . The Cabin Crew must establish communication with the pilots, warn passengers not tosmoke ("NO SMOKING" sign must be "ON"),instruct them to unfasten their seat belts("FASTEN SEAT BELT" sign must be "OFF"),ensure that emergency exits are unobstructedand that "EXIT" sign is "ON" and that ground servicing such as catering don't risk creatinghazard or hindering anemergency evacuation. If presence of fuel vapor is detected inside the airplane or any other hazard arises,re/defueling must be stopped immediately. The Country related CAA procedures should be also taking into consideration such as thepresence of fire truck while refueling.

  7. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.1. FUELLING PROCEDURES 8.2.1.4 PROCEDURE FOR REFUELLING/DEFUELLING WITH PASSENGERSEMBARKING, ON BOARD or DISEMBARKING (ref: CCM 2.23) The Flight Crew ensures that: Fire brigade is informed and positioned near the aircraft within operating distance. The Commander informs S.C/C(Senior Cabin Crew)of the beginning and ending of fuelling. One of the flight crew remains in the flight deck. The No Smoking signs are switched on& The Fasten Seat Belt signs are switched off. EXIT SIGNS are switched on & All cabin crew must be on board during this period. The Cabin Crew should ensure that: Cabin Lights should be bright. Personal electronic and electrical devices must be switched off. Passengers are informed by PA announcement that fuelling operations are to take place. All Cabin Crew stays at their stations. Passengers remain seated, with their seat belt released. All aisles and routes to exits remain clear from obstructions. No cleaning is taken place during fuelling. Lavatories is not used. All items of electrical equipment are switched off.

  8. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.1. FUELLING PROCEDURES 8.2.1.4 PROCEDURE FOR REFUELLING/DEFUELLING WITH PASSENGERSEMBARKING, ON BOARD or DISEMBARKING (ref: CCM 2.23) The Commander must be informed immediately if any fuel vapour is detected in the cabin.One main exit door forward of the wing should remain open, with a jet bridge/ mobile stair in position.One main exit aft of the wing should remain open, with a mobile stair in position. If not; this door position must be in ARMED(For All Airbus Aircrafts). One cabin crewmember must assist the door ready to evacuate if necessary (ref: ISOA Standard Manual CAB 5.3). Galley curtains shall be open. All other doors should remain closed, with the mode selector set to disarmed andequipped with disembarking equipment and already ARMED doors should be used primarily; if theseexits are not sufficient for evacuation the opposite exits to fuelling side must be used after modeselectors set to ARMED. The outside area beneath each exit remains clear (clear area should be 3x10 m). The fuel truck must not block the exit way and/or evacuation. For-non-ambulatory passengers, notify fire services of seat assignment. Designate an exit through which a stretcher can be removed if necessary.

  9. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2. AIRCRAFT, PASSENGERS AND CARGO HANDLING PROCEDURES RELATEDTO SAFETY 8.2.2.1. EMBARKING, DISEMBARKING PASSENGERS Before disembarking or embarking, cabin stair or jet way and guardrail must be in position. The stepbetween stair and aircraft should not be too high and the stair should be against the aircraft. REMARK: During refueling the weight of the aircraft increases and the shock absorbers settledown.In consequence the bottom of the door may touch the stair and may be damaged. 8.2.2.2. SEAT ALLOCATION All persons on board aged 2 years or more must occupy a fixed seat fitted with a safety belt (or a berthfitted with a restraining belt). Seats layout must permit access to emergency evacuation doors and theassistance of the cabin crew. Any infant (less than 2 years old) must be attended by an adult (more than 18 years old). This adultmay hold the infant in his arms and the safety belt of this adult seat must not strap the infant. A supplementary loop belt or other restraint device must be used for the infant.

  10. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2. AIRCRAFT, PASSENGERS AND CARGO HANDLING PROCEDURES RELATEDTO SAFETY 8.2.2.2. SEAT ALLOCATION The number of infants is limited by the number of oxygen masks (Extra oxygen masks for infants aresigned with a sticker at each fixed oxygen mask unit. If the sticker is not signed the fixedoxygen maskunit; extra oxygen mask locations are determined at the “Infant Passenger Seat Chart” whichlocated behind the “Emergency Equipment Location Chart”), infant extension belts, infant life vests(The total number of extra seat belts and life vests are; % 10 of the total seat capacity for eachaircraft. But actual numbers should be checked before boarding) The number of life vests and oxygen masks per seat row must not be less than the number ofpassengers of the seat row (Refer to 8.09 - Oxygen Requirements). Any child (less than 12 years old) should be assisted by an adult seated near him. One adult mayassist a group of no more than twelve children. The adult attending children must be informed ofsafetyinstructions, the lay out of the emergency exits and of the use of the individual safetyequipment. Anadult may attend a group of children if he is not in charge during the flight of an infant less than 2years old. This adult could be a flight attendant in addition of the minimum flight attendants numberand being not on safety duty during the flight.

  11. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2. AIRCRAFT, PASSENGERS AND CARGO HANDLING PROCEDURES RELATEDTO SAFETY 8.2.2.2. SEAT ALLOCATION When passengers are embarking required cabin crew must be on board able to giveinstruction about seat availability or allocation and hand baggage storage. Cabin crew has to be informed by ground crew about hazardous situation andmust be able to manage emergency evacuation of passengers. The number of passengers must be checked with the passenger manifest (list of passengers)prepared by the ground operations. Before departure, a copy of the checked passenger manifestmust be left to a ground agent and kept by the OCC. With the exception that for domestic flights,passenger manifest will not be carried on board, it is only checked and kept by Ground OperationsDepartment. In case a passenger is missing, his checked baggage’s must be unloaded. If necessary allchecked baggage’s should be unloaded and all passengers should be disembarked andrequired to identify their baggage’s. The captain shall request airport security assistanceshould any unidentified baggage remain. At arrival copies of the checked Passenger Manifest must be available on board the aircraftto be given to the authorities (police, custom, ...).

  12. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2. AIRCRAFT, PASSENGERS AND CARGO HANDLING PROCEDURES RELATEDTO SAFETY 8.2.2.3. EXIT ROW SEATING ASSIGNMENTS Exit row seats shall not be assigned to passengers who do not have sufficient mobility,strength and dexterity in their arms, hands and legs to open an exit. In addition, designatedexit row seat will not be assigned to passengers who are unwilling or are able to assist in the event of an emergency due to any of the following selection criteria: . Cannot understand English language or language in used in the country of the operations(language in use during the flight). . Physically are not able to open an exit and assist others. . Are not able to hear verbal crew commands or do not have the visual capacity to assist inan emergency. . Are unable to shout information to other passengers. . Have the responsibility of caring for small children or another passenger. . Are younger than 15 years of age. . Have condition, that is not apparent, that may prevent him from understanding andperforming the functions shown on the passenger safety information card. . Are travelling with a pet in the cabin. Passengers seated in an exit row who, prior to boarding, decide they wish to be reseated,willbe issued another seat assignment in a non-exit row without question and without beingrequired to disclose the reason for requesting reseating.

  13. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2. AIRCRAFT, PASSENGERS AND CARGO HANDLING PROCEDURES RELATEDTO SAFETY 8.2.2.4. MULTIPLE OCCUPANCY OF AIRCRAFT SEATS No seat must be occupied by more than one person, except for infants hold in the arms of an adult. 8.2.2.5. SICK, PREGNANT PASSENGERS AND PERSONS WITH REDUCED MOBILITY(PRM) The commander must be informed about on board of any sick passenger or persons with reducedmobility. If deemed necessary, he may request a medical examination by a qualified physician.The commander should satisfy himself that the carriage of such passengers will not causeinconvenience or discomfort to other passengers and that emergency evacuation and safety duringthe flight will be guaranteed.

  14. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.5.1. ABBREVIATIONS FOR HANDICAPPED PASSENGERS (REF. IATARESOLUTION (PCS(15)700)) LEGL (Leg in cast) For passengers with a left leg in cast.(alçıda), LEGR (Leg in cast) For passengers with a right leg in cast., LEGB (Legs in cast) For passengers with both legs in cast. MEDA (Medical Case) Passengers with medical report. OXYG (Oxygen) For passengers travelling either seated or on a stretcher, needing oxygenduring the flight. STCR This passenger can be carried only by stretcher(sedye). Carriage of any stretcher patient issubject to the approval of the patient’s physician and should be accompanied by an able-bodiedadult attendant qualified toprovide him requireden-route care. This passenger is required pre-board to aircraft. The stretcher must besecured to the aircraft. The patient must be secured by an adequate harness to the stretcheror aircraft. WCHR Wheelchair ( R for Ramp) Passenger needs wheelchair to/from aircraft, can use steps and make own way to seat. WCHS Wheelchair ( S for steps) Passenger needs wheelchair to aircraft and must be carried up/down stairs. WCHC Wheelchair (C for Cabin seat) Passenger is immobile, must be carried to/from cabin seat. BLND (Blind) Specify if accompanied by seeing-eye dog. DEAF (Deaf) Specify if accompanied by hearing dog. DEAF/ BLIND Deaf and blind passenger needs escort. MAAS All other passenger needs special assistance.

  15. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.5.2. SEATING OF HANDICAPPED PASSENGERS Before excepting incapacitated passengers on flight, Onur Air must be sure of that thesepassengers can be able to cover their own needs by themselves and the staff will be trainedappropriate training understanding and meeting the needs of the passenger. Stretcher passengers must be escorted with a doctor, nurse, relative or escort(s). Thesepassengers will be boarded first and disembarked last. These passengers will have the lastline in an evacuation, so that these people will be at the end of the evacuation line to avoidoccupying the other passenger escape line. WCHR, WCHS and WCHC passengers will beseated in a row between two emergency exits. The numbers or types of incapacitated passengers may not be limited except the applicablesafety regulationsorfor operational reasons mentioned in CCM 1.16. (ref: IATA Resolution700 (PSC(15)700 1.3.3.) On the other hand the numbers of incapacitated passengers must not be more than thenumbers of passengers who are able to assist them during evacuation. Incapacitated passengers requiring special assistance or protection from disturbance, andtheir escorts, shall normally be permitted to stay on board during transit stop, subject to theobservance of applicable safety rules. (ref. IATA Resolution 700 (PCS(15)700) 5.2.6).

  16. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2. AIRCRAFT, PASSENGERS AND CARGO HANDLING PROCEDURES RELATEDTO SAFETY 8.2.2.5.2.1. SICK PASSENGERS Transportation of the sick passengers are limited for their and other passengers’ safety. The persons are mentioned below is not accepted on board: • Person with tuberculosis, infectious yellowness(bulaşıcı sarılık), scarletfever(kızıl humma), diphtheria or chicken pox(su çiçeği). • Person had heart attack or cerebral hemorrhage(kanama) in last 8weeks (except person had surgery and got medical report that givespermission to fly). • Person needed electrical or compressed air equipment thatis not allowed to use in the aircraft. 8.2.2.5.2.2. PASSENGERS WITH DISABILITIES 1) BLIND PASSENGERS: Blind passengers are pre-boarded to aircraft. Nearest exits aredescribed and safetyinformation is given personally. 2) DEAF PASSENGERS: Deaf passengers are pre-boarded to aircraft. Safety information is given on Safety Card.

  17. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 3) PASSENGERS WITH REDUCED MOBILITY (PRM) a) Non-Ambulatory Passengers • Require pre-board to aircraft.Should be seated one row behind or one row forward from the exit row and the seatshould be near the window.Should be directed away from over wing exits. • In an emergency none ambulatory passenger is the last one to evacuate with theassistance of the Cabin Crew and ABM. b) Ambulatory Passengers (IATA PCS (01) 1700 c) • Require pre-board to aircraft.Shall be seated any seat close to an exit but not in an exit row seat.Should be directed away from over wing exits. If crutches, caries and similar walking aidsare stored in a special location in the cabin, the users of such aids should be assignedseats nearby, to permit quick access to the aids when needed. • Passengers with stiff legs(hareketsiz/sert bacaklar), fractured legs in plaster(alçıda kırık bacaklar), paraplegics(belden aşağısı felçli), etc. should beaccommodated in seats allowing the maximum space for their comfort or spacefor leg support devices with the least possible disturbance to passengers theadjacent seats. Limbs in plaster casts should not obstruct the aisle or emergencyexits. • Person with a disability affecting only one side of the body (hemiplegics(yarım felçli), artificiallimb(yapay uzuv), arm or leg in cast(alçıda), splint(atel)on brace(omurga)etc,) should be seated in an aisle seat withthe unaffected side of their body towards the aisle, this will facilitate their mobilityin cases of emergency. • In an emergency none ambulatory passenger is the last one to evacuate with theassistance of the Cabin Crew and ABM.

  18. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.5.3. REQUIRED SITUATIONS FOR DOCTOR REPORT Obligated situations relevant sickness, visibility and behave conditions existing anxiouspassengers should have present doctor report which has discharching there is no healthpreventationfor having flight. The doctor report is taken and handing back from passengerby cabin chief. Reports; should have taken maximum 10 days before for sick passenger,7days before for pregnant passengers. 8.2.2.5.4. PREGNANT PASSENGERS Pregnant passenger (carrying one child [single uncomplicated]) Until the beginning of 28th week of pregnancy, no need anyspecial certificate. From the beginning of28th week of pregnancy (calculated using the estimated date of delivery), a doctor certificateis required for accepting flight. Beyond the end of 35th week of pregnancy (calculated using theestimated date of delivery), Onur Air do not accept pregnant passenger for flying. Pregnant passenger (carrying twins, triplets or more [multiple uncomplicated])Until the beginning of 28th week ofpregnancy, no need any special certificate. Fromthe beginning of 28th week of pregnancy (calculated using the estimated date of delivery), adoctor certificate is required for accepting flight. Beyond the end of 32nd week of pregnancy(calculated using the estimated date of delivery), Onur Air do not accept pregnant passengerfor flight. Complicated Pregnancies A doctor certificate is required for accepting flight. Miscarriage(düşük)(Threatened or complete) Onur Air do not accept any passenger with activebleeding. If passenger becomes stable with no bleeding and no pain for at least 24 hours,needs to present doctor certificate for flight.

  19. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.5.5. NEW-BORN BABIES (IATA PSC(01) 1700a) New born babies are not accepted to flight for the first 48 hours after the birth. Between the 3rdand the 7th day, using the transportation is not recommended for the new born babies, but theycan be accepted to flight with a valid medical report provided indicating able to fly without anyrestrictions. After the 7th day, no medical report is needed to accept the new born babies toflight. 8.2.2.5.5.1. UNACOMPAINED MINORS (UM) Refer to GOM Chapter 3 Passenger Handling Item 3.9 8.2.2.5.6. WHEELCHAIR PASSENGERS (WCHP) Wheelchair passengers may be accepted without an attendant provided they are able tomake the flight without difficulty or special attention. They must not be seated next toemergency exits. 8.2.2.5.7. GUIDE DOG FOR THE BLIND A trained guide dog may be carried in the cabin if it accompanies a passenger who isdependent upon it and if it is properly harnessed. The passenger and the guide dog willnormally be seated at a bulkhead seat, where there is sufficient floor space for the dog.

  20. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.5.8. SERIOUS PASSENGER ILLNESS, INJURY OR DEATH IN FLIGHT Any action must be taken in case of serious illness, injury or death in flight, to avoid contagion for thepersons on board. The ill person should be isolated for the comfort and the safety of the ill person and of the other passengers As long as the ill person is on board, flight attendants or a competent (such as doctor, nurse) passengers must give first aid. It is the commander responsibility to decide if an immediate landing is to be made. Such a situation can be considered as an "Emergency". In the event of a death in flight the commander must advise the relevant ground authorities, through ATC, of the State's airspace in which the death occurred and also the destination State's authorities, if different, when entering their airspace. The commander must complete a report, which records the name of the deceased person, nationality, the time of the death, location and registration of the aircraft. One copy of this report is to be given to ground authorities at destination and another to the director of the flight operations. 8.2.2.5.9. DEALING WITH SICK PASSENGER ON BOARD Passenger has travelled from one destination to another with Onur Air who needs medical oxygen forreturn flight; will be carried after the medical oxygen bottle(s) are provided. The use of medical oxygenbottle is explained on C.C.M. 3.2.2.3 Medical Oxygen Bottle part.

  21. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.5.8. SERIOUS PASSENGER ILLNESS, INJURY OR DEATH IN FLIGHT Any action must be taken in case of serious illness, injury or death in flight, to avoid contagion(bulaşma)for thepersons on board. The ill person should be isolated for the comfort and the safety of the ill person and of the other passengers,. As long as the ill person is on board, flight attendants or a competent (such as doctor, nurse) passengers must give first aid. It is the commander responsibility to decide if an immediate landing is to be made. Such a situation can be considered as an "Emergency". In the event of a death in flight the commander must advise the relevant ground authorities, throughATC, of the State's airspace in which the death occurred and also the destination State'sauthorities, ifdifferent, when entering their airspace. The commander must complete a report, which records thenameof the deceased person, nationality, the time of the death, location and registration of theaircraft. One copy of this report is to be given to ground authorities at destination and another to thedirector of the flight operations. 8.2.2.5.9. DEALING WITH SICK PASSENGER ON BOARD Passenger has travelled from one destination to another with Onur Air who needs medical oxygen forreturn flight; will be carried after the medical oxygen bottle(s) are provided. The use of medical oxygenbottle is explained on C.C.M. 3.2.2.3 Medical Oxygen Bottle part.

  22. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.6 TRANSPORT OF INADMISSIBLE PASSENGERS, DEPORTEES OR PERSONS INCUSTODY , INTOXICATED AND/OR ABUSIVE(hakaret/taciz eden) PASSENGERS 8.2.2.6.1. TRANSPORT OF INADMISSIBLEPASSENGERS, DEPORTEESOR PERSONSIN CUSTODY The commander must be informed about presence of any inadmissible(kabul edilmeyen)passengers, deportees(sınır dışı edilen)orpersons in custody(göz altına alınan). Guards must accompany persons in custody. The number of guards must not be less than two for oneprisoner. Only one such prisoner and escorts can be carried on a flight. Prisoners and guards will be seated at the rear of the aircraft. Prisoners should not be seated next toor directly across from any door or exit, in any lounge area, or in any aisle seat. A qualified nurse and one other attendant should accompany other inadmissible passengers such asmentally disturbed persons. At all time, it is the prerogative(ayrıcalık) of the commander to refuse to carry any inadmissible passenger,deportee or person in custody or to impose any additional restrictions as considered necessary.

  23. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.6.2. TO REFUSE PASSENGER UNDER AFFECTION OF ALCOHOL Passenger must be refused to board on aircraft if he is under affection of alcohol. If thesepassengersare already arrived on board, than it is the Station Manager decision to disembark the passenger). If Senior Cabin Crew and Station Manager are not agree to disembark passenger than theCommander decision will be the last decision to disembark or not. If cabin crew notice a drunk or under affection of alcohol passenger during the flight, it is theresponsibility of Senior Cabin Crew to inform the Commander. 8.2.2.6.3. RELATIONS WITH THE PASSENGERS UNDER AFFECTION OF ALCOHOL Cabin crew must behave to the drunk or under affection of alcohol passenger very polite andunderstandable. While talking these passengers cabin crew must be very careful and must makeshortspeeches. All Onur Air personnel can not address “drunk or very affected from alcohol” words to anyone. Suchkind of words can cause reactions or problems even it is true. In these cases, cabin crew must talkwith simple and soft words like “seems like got alcohol” which is polite. Cabin crew will try to get information about name and address of such passenger which can beneeded. It must not be necessary to ask such information’s to the related passenger if it is not reallyneeded.

  24. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.7. HAND BAGGAGE Each item carried in a cabin shall be stowed in a location that is capable of restraining it. Weightlimitations placard on or adjacent to stowage’s must be exceed. Baggage’s size larger than 56x45x25 cm; more than 8 kg for international and domestic flightswill not be accepted to cabin. The commander shall be informed whenever excessive hand baggage is transferred to the cargocompartment, as adjustment must be made to the Load & Trim Sheet. Hand baggage is not allowed to carry in the cockpit. (Excluding flight crew hand baggage) Items carried in passenger or crew compartment (e.g. hand baggage of crew or passenger, eachitem of galley equipment, each serving cart not in use, any medical or other apparatus providingin flight medical aid for a passenger) shall be secured in such a way as not to become a hazardby shifting under the appropriate load factors corresponding to the ultimate inertia forcersspecified in the emergency landing condition of type certification. Take-off and landing are not permitted unless each serving cart is secured in its stowed position.The secure stowage of hand baggage, as prescribed in above, limits by inference,the permissible size and weight of hand baggage. These limits vary of course each aeroplane type/cabin layout combination (see CCM). TheGround Operation employees or ONUR AIR’s handling agent(s) shall brief passengers atcheck-in by means of placards/posters or orally, upon the maximum size and weight of handbaggage; where practicable, a receptacle should serve as a gauge.

  25. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.7. HAND BAGGAGE(continued) When boarding is in progress ground staff and, at the aeroplane, crew members shall visually scan the hand baggage held by passengers - in case check-in personnel were bypassed - and, where such baggage exceeds the allowance, politely deny the passenger access to the aeroplane until such baggage has been given up to be stowed in a baggage/cargo hold or suitable place outside of the aeroplane's cabin. Where, in exceptional cases, a passenger is prepared to pay for an extra seat in order to carry extremely valuable baggage (e.g., antique musical instruments, works of art etc.) acceptance is only permitted if the safety and comfort of other passengers will not be impaired and if the size of such baggage permits it to be secured on the seat in such a manner as to prevent movement forward, sideways or upwards under crash impact sufficient to induce the ultimate inertia forces specified in the emergency landing condition of type certification.

  26. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.7. HAND BAGGAGE Liquid Restriction in Hand baggage: Security rules restrict the amount of liquids in handbaggage. The liquids must be packed in individual containers with a maximum capacity of 100 milliliters each.These containers must be packed in a single, transparent resealed plastic bag. (approximate size 20x20 cm) * Each passenger can carry one plastic bag. * All items in the container must be no larger than 100 ml * Containers more than 100 ml will not be permitted regardless of what amount of the liquid theycontain * All liquids in passengers hand baggage must be shown at the last check point and must be x-ray screened. * There is no liquid restriction for passenger’s hold baggage being carried in cargo * It is advised all passengers not to carry their liquid items in their hand baggage considering theserestrictions There are some exceptional items that may be transported outside the plastic bag as hand baggage: * Baby food or milk for those traveling with an infant * Medication in its original package (for the passenger’s entire journey including stay at destination)

  27. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.7. HAND BAGGAGE The passengers carrying these items may be requested to taste the food or to document thenecessityof medication usage at the last security checkpoint. The definition of a liquid includes: all drinks including water, syrups and alcohol, creams, lotions, oilsincluding cosmetic oils, perfumes, all liquid cosmetic products including mascara, liquid glossexcluding lipstick, shaving foam, spray deodorant, pastes including toothpaste, food not being solidincluding jam, honey, yogurt, molasses, tomato sauce, contact lens solution, shampoo and all otherliquids as mentioned above. The liquid bought from duty free sales at the airport or on board will be packed including its receiptasa proof of purchase in sealable plastic package. This plastic bag will be screened and the receipt willbe checked at security point. For detailed information, refer to Onur Air Cabin Crew Manual (CCM) 2.14 Hand Baggage and Ground Operations Manual (GOM). 8.2.2.8. LOADING AND SECURING THE ITEMS IN THE AIRCRAFT Applicable procedures for loading the aircraft are given in the "Cargo Loading Manual", "Weight andBalance Manual" of the aircraft. During loading, a qualified person must check that the cargo is correctly positioned and securedandaccessible if required. Before take off and landing cabin attendant must check that servicing trolleys are securely stowed.The commander must be informed of the weight, the arrangement and of the nature of the goodscarried.

  28. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.9. SPECIAL LOADS 8.2.2.9.1. GENERAL SHT-OPS 1.1160 excepts the carriage of articles and substances which would be otherwiseclassedas dangerous goods from the provisions of Chapter 9 to the extent specified in the "ICAO TechnicalInstructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air" (ICAO Doc 9284)provided that theyare required to be aboard the aeroplane in accordance with the relevant JARs or for operatingreasons; They are carried as catering or cabin service supplies; They are carried for use in flight asveterinary aid or as a humane killer for an animal. They are carried for use in flight for medical aid for a patient, provided that: - Gas cylinders have been manufactured specifically for the purpose of containing and transportingthat particular gas, - Drugs, medicines and other medical matter are under the control of trained personnel during thetimewhen they are in use in the aeroplane, - Equipment containing wet cell batteries is kept and, when necessary, secured in an uprightpositionto prevent spillage of the electrolyte, and - Proper provision is made to stow and secure all the equipment during take-off and landing and at allother times when deemed necessary by the commander in the interest of safety. They are carried by passengers or crew members. NOTE: Articles and substances intended as replacements for those listed under the first point aboveshall be transported on an aeroplane as specified in the Technical Instructions.

  29. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.9. SPECIAL LOADS 8.2.2.9.2. BATTERY OPERATED WHEELCHAIRS Before loading a wheelchair it shall be ascertained . That the battery is securely attached to the wheelchair, . That the battery is disconnected, . That the battery terminals are insulated in order to prevent short-circuits. Wheelchairs which cannot be loaded, stowed, secured and unloaded in an upright position musthavethe battery removed; the removed battery shall be carried in strong, rigid packaging:Packaging mustbe leak tight and impervious to battery fluid, Batteries must be protected against short circuits, securedupright in their packaging and surrounded by compatible material sufficient to absorb their total liquidcontents . Packaging must be marked "BATTERY,WET, WITH WHEELCHAIR" and be labeled"CORROSIVE", . Packaging must be stowed/secured in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 9 The commander shall be informed, by Special Loads Notification of the location of the batteryaboard. The ground handling staff shall send a message to the destination or transfer station indicating thepassenger's name/seat number and the location of wheelchair/battery, NOTE: Battery driven wheelchairs with dry cell batteries or non-spill able wet cell batteries are rare;they may be carried as "CHECKED BAGGAGE" in a baggage/cargo compartment provided that thebattery has been disconnected and is securely attached to the wheelchair and that the poles havebeen insulated.

  30. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.9.3. WET CARGO "WET CARGO" designates shipments containing liquids or which, by their nature, may produce liquidsand which are not subject to the Dangerous Goods regulations: . Shipments of liquids in watertight containers, . Shipments of wet materials not packed in such containers, e.g., fish packed in wet ice, fresh meat,casings (fresh animal guts), wet hides, skins, . Goods which may produce liquids (for live animals refer to Chapter 8.2.2.9.4). Watertight containers shall meet the specifications of the ICAO Technical Instructions. They shall beable to withstand the variations in atmospheric pressure and temperature encountered in thecourse offlight, without rupture or leakage. Other containers shall be of high quality waterproofmaterial. Containers with cargo which may produce liquids shall be leak proof or contain sufficient absorbentmaterial. Packing shall allow for the maximum angles of roll and bank the aeroplane may encounterduring flight without release of the liquid contents. Plastic tarpaulins(tente)shall be spread out on the aeroplane's or ULD(Unit Load Device)'s floor and walls so as to catchspillages. Containers shall be secured in an upright position.

  31. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.9.3. WET CARGO For wet cargo in containers which are not watertight or waterproof, secondary measures shall be takento ensure that any spillage is contained, by . Placing the shipment in a basin of sufficient volume to contain any spillage, and . Turning up the edges of the tarpaulin against the aeroplane's/ULD's walls or against other cargo soas to create a second waterproof basin around the shipment. All load devices used for carriage of meat or similar organic material shall be cleaned and disinfectedimmediately after unloading. Handling staff shall, by Special Loads Notification, inform the commander of such cargo beforedeparture and, by appropriate message, the down line station(s).

  32. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.9.4. LIVE ANIMALS Carriage of live animals in the cabin is limited by considerations of passenger safety and comfortandby the size of the cabin (separation of individual animals from each other). Carriage in cargocompartments may require pressurization, ventilation, heating, lighting. Particulars are, therefore,specified in each aeroplane's AOM(Aircraft Operating Manual). The following general guidelines have been developed: CABIN - With the exception of guide dogs for blind passengers, only small pets weighing 5 kg or less may becarried in the cabin. Prior company approval must have been obtained. - Such approval will stipulate(şart koşmak)that the pet shall be carried in a suitable leak-proof container or bag size45x35x20 cm and must stay in the container bag, on the floor, for the duration of the flight. The passenger, under whose care the pet travels, must be in possession(sahip olmalı)of all documents required bythe authorities at destination. Carriage of rodents(kemirgenler)is only permitted by prior permission of Flight Operations. The commander and handling staff shall ensure that no animal is carried in the cabin whichimpede(engellemediğinden)an emergency evacuation.

  33. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.9.4. LIVE ANIMALS Carriage of live animals in the cabin is limited by considerations of passenger safety and comfortandby the size of the cabin (separation of individual animals from each other). Carriage in cargocompartments may require pressurization, ventilation, heating, lighting. Particulars are, therefore,specified in each aeroplane's AOM(Aircraft Operating Manual). The following general guidelines have been developed: CABIN - With the exception of guide dogs for blind passengers, only small pets weighing 5 kg or less may becarried in the cabin. Prior company approval must have been obtained. - Such approval will stipulate(şart koşmak)that the pet shall be carried in a suitable leak-proof container or bag size45x35x20 cm and must stay in the container bag, on the floor, for the duration of the flight. The passenger, under whose care the pet travels, must be in possession(sahip olmalı)of all documents required bythe authorities at destination. Carriage of rodents(kemirgenler)is only permitted by prior permission of Flight Operations. A320-321 1 A 1 cat or 1 dog or 1 bird. Same kind ofanimals 2 dogs or 2 birds sharing thesame box at the same age. A330 2 dogs or 2 cats or 2 birds must be carriedat front and aft separate zones. 1 dog or 1bird at the front and aftseparate zones. 8.2.2.9.4.1. Passenger Carrying Falcon(şahin)( Only for Saudia Wet-Lease Operation ) Refer to GOM Chapter 3 Passenger Handling Item 3.18.4 Live Animals

  34. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.9.4. LIVE ANIMALS CARGO COMPARTMENTS The carriage of live animals in cargo compartments shall take the specific needs of theanimals into account. The basic environmental requirements shall be ascertained from allsources available. The temperature range and oxygen requirements must be matched by theheating and ventilationcapability of the cargo compartment provided. Feeding requirementsmust be met; e.g., for carriage of birds on long flights the cargo compartment lights shall beleft switched on to enable the birds to feed during flight. The handling staff shall, by Special Loads Notification, inform the commander beforedeparture of all live animals, their requirements and their location; the commander will briefthe cabin crew on all animals carried in the cabin. The handling staff will inform all down linestations by appropriatemessages. All devices used in carriage shall be thoroughly cleanedand disinfected immediately after unloading. 8.2.2.9.5. HUMAN REMAINS & ASHES Refer to GOM Chapter 3 passenger Handling Item 3.19 and Cargo Operation Manual2.10.2.8.2.

  35. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.9.6. CARRIAGE OF MAIL, VALUABLES AND WEAPONS . The potential destructiveness of weapons requires their transportation to follow certainapprovals and provisions which are outlined in Chapter 9. . In order to secure mail, valuables and weapons against damage, pilferage or theft thecompany will discuss and agree appropriate provisions for storing, loading, transport,unloading and, again, storage with the shipper and, where necessary, the recipient. . The commander shall be appropriately briefed prior to departure orally, and by "SpecialLoads Notification". The down line station will be informed appropriately, i.e., wherenecessary by coded messages, receipt of which shall be confirmed/ascertained before arrivalof the aeroplane at the down line station.

  36. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.10. POSITIONING OF GROUND EQUIPMENT ONUR AIR shall ensure that its staff and its handling agent's staff are well trained in theoperation of mobile ground equipment.The pattern to be followed, for a given type of aeroplane, in positioning loading and servicingequipment has been published in the respective AOM.The ground equipment shall not approach the aeroplane until all engines have been cut andthe aeroplane's parking brakes have been set or the chocks are in position. NOTE: When, in exceptional cases, one engine must be kept running (e.g., when no APUavailable) ground equipment shall only approach that side of the aeroplane where enginehas been cut. The commander and the ground handling staff shall, beforehand, have agreedon the course of action to be followed. . Steps/passenger jet ways and catering trucks shall principally be positioned at theaeroplane prior to opening the respective cabin doors. . Sufficient distance between ground equipment and the aeroplane shall be maintained inorder to avoid damage caused by vertical movement of wings/fuselage duringunloading/loading/refuelling/defuelling. Utmost care shall be taken in shifting groundequipment in the aircraft's vicinity. . Fuel hoses and connections shall never be run over by ground equipment. Loading andservicing equipment shall not be positioned or maneuvered under the wings. . With the exception of fuel trucks, mobile equipment shall not be positioned with in theventing areas during fuelling/defuelling. . Equipment when parked away from, or positioned at, the aeroplane shall have parkingbrakes set. . Equipment approaching, maneuvering at or leaving the aeroplane shall not be driven fasterthan at walking speed. . Aeroplanes and pedestrians(yayalar)have the right of way. Equipment should never move acrossthe path of taxiing aeroplanes or of embarking/disembarking passengers. Personnel shall notride on elevating platforms of moving ground equipment.

  37. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.11. OPERATION OF AIRCRAFT DOORS Refer to the FCOM of the aircraft for the operation of the doors and specially to the CAM(Cabin Attendant Manual) forthe cabin doors and to the cargo loading manual of the aircraft for the cargo doors. Once all doors are closed and the aircraft has commenced to move, a cockpit crew, or thesenior cabin attendant should request, through the aircraft PA, flight attendants to arm doorsslides and cross-check (the opposite door slide). Opening the doors must not be without the allowance of the commander. Before opening thedoors, no cabin differential pressure should exist. When escape slide deployment is not required, cabin doors slides must be disarmed beforeopening. Opening a door or emergency exit from the outside automatically deactivates theescape slide / raft, if armed. Should the slide / raft, at this door location, be used for evacuation, the door must be firstclosed and the escape slide / raft re-armed and the door be opened from inside. 8.2.2.12. SAFETY ON THE RAMP 8.2.2.12.1. ENGINES BLAST AND SUCTION AREAS Normally engines are not running when passengers are embarking or disembarking. However, if one engine is running, keep preferably a right hand engine running forconvenience of disembarkation and boarding of passengers The way for embarking or disembarking passengers should avoid blast and suction areas.These danger areas are defined in FCOM - Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) Chapter.

  38. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.12. SAFETY ON THE RAMP 8.2.2.12.2. FIRE PREVENTION . PROTECTIVE CLOTHES / PROTECTIVE BREATHING EQUIPMENT Hydraulic fluid leakage under high pressure ( 3000 psi ) may result in serious injury andcontamination. The use of protective clothes and protective breathing equipment isrecommended whenever fighting an aircraft emergency. Carbon fibbers and other composite materials used in airframe structure and cabin furniturerequire the use of a protective breathing equipment whenever fighting any aircraft fire. . BRAKES OVERHEAT / FIRE Landing gear should be approached from forwardoraft when fighting wheel fire, neverabeam the wheel as wheels and tires may explode. In case of smoke, protective breathing equipment should be worn since the dense smokegenerated by tire rubber results in major and irreversible lung damage. Fuse plugs melting should result in tires deflating and should prevent tires and wheels burst. In case of brake overheat, without evidence of material melting or fire, brakes should becooled down by spraying water using a high pressure (10 to 12 bar) turbo nozzle ( multi-jet/multi-flow ). In case of brake fire or evidence of melting material, only a specific powder for use on metalfire should be sprayed. In case of hydraulic fire, multi-purpose foam orpowder may be used. Carbon brakes andsteel brakes are to be treated using same techniques and agents.

  39. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.12. SAFETY ON THE RAMP 8.2.2.12.2. FIRE PREVENTION . CARGO COMPARTMENT FIRE The appropriate flight crew procedures are given in FCOM - Emergency Procedures.In case cargo compartment smoke warning occurred with cargo door closed, the groundcrew should be informed not to open the door of the affected cargo compartment unlesspassengers have disembarked and fire services are present. If the smoke warning isdisplayed on ground with cargo compartment door open, the aircraft extinguishing agentshould not be discharged. Ground crew should be requested to investigate and to fight thesmoke source. Multi-purpose or specific foam or type B or type C powder or water, as afunction of the burning cargo material (as known) should be used. If foam is used first, do notpowder afterwards. If powder is used first, foam may be used in addition, ifrequired. . ENGINE OR APU COMPARTMENTFIRE The appropriate flight crew procedures are given in FCOM - Emergency Procedures. If fire persists, ground fire fighting using a Halon or CO2 spray gun is possible through thefollowing external access: - Engines : Oil tank, IDG and other service panels, - APU : access panels on both sides or on LH side only ( A320 )

  40. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.12. SAFETY ON THE RAMP 8.2.2.12.2. FIRE PREVENTION . ENGINE TAIL PIPE FIRE The appropriate flight crew procedure is given in FCOM - Abnormal Procedures. Enginemotoring by the flight crew is the normal and most effective action. External fire agents can cause severe corrosive damage and therefore should only beconsidered if fire persists after flight crew procedure application or if no bleed air source isavailable to motor the engine. In such a case, Halon or CO2 should be sprayed in engine exhaust nozzle. 8.2.2.13. START-UP, RAMP DEPARTURE AND ARRIVAL PROCEDURES On aircraft equipped with serviceable cockpit to ground intercom, this equipment should beused whenever the aircraft is on stand, and until clearance for hand signals has been givenprior to departure. Ground marshallers and pilots should use hand signals defined in ICAO rules of the air -ANNEX-2, also indicated in Jeppesen Airway Manual "Air Traffic Control" Chapter. Signals for engine start-up shall only be given after the staff member in Charge hasascertained that the security zones around the suction and blast areas have been clearedand after he has given "Clearance for Start-up".

  41. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.13. START-UP, RAMP DEPARTURE AND ARRIVAL PROCEDURES Depending on the type of aeroplane, the ground to cockpit communication shall normally beperformed by means of a headset; if that is impossible, the hand signals shall be used. Afterdisconnection of the headset, hand signals only apply. For type specific procedures andprovisions see AOM/FCOM Normally, engine starting during pushback and towing is permitted. In general, the followingphraseology shall be used:

  42. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.13. START-UP, RAMP DEPARTURE AND ARRIVAL PROCEDURES Upon arrival, hand signals only shall be used from ground to cockpit for "Chocks are inposition", and "Shut down engines" This does, of course, not preclude the cockpit personnel from re-checking, via the headset orvisually, that chocks indeed are in position. For connection of external electric power the following phraseology should be used: After arrival at ramp position parking brakes shall not be released until all engines have beenshut down and until the cockpit personnel have ascertained that chocks have been inserted,and that the aeroplane is not moving. The flight deck personnel shall carefully evaluate the situation around the aeroplane,particularly the distances to other aeroplane and objects, select an adequate taxi speed andhandle throttles accordingly to minimise blast effects and noise, particularly on start of taxirollfrom standstill. A high degree of awareness is required for all low visibility taxi operations. In order to renderthe aeroplane visible to other traffic, display of all lights (including strobe lights) isrecommended unless own vision is thereby impaired. However, care shall be taken not toblind other traffic or ground handling staff.

  43. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.14. SERVICING THE AIRCRAFT POTABLE WATER Potable water systems are susceptible(elverişli)to contamination by bacteria and othermicroorganisms.It is therefore essential that such water is free from chemical substances/microorganismswhich might cause illness, and that it is chlorinated. ONUR AIR shall ensure thatsuitable bacteriological examinations of water samples taken from water supply systems,servicing vehicles and carried out at least four times a year. Potable water servicers shall notbe filled-up from the same tap as toilet servicers shall not be parked in the same area.Personnel engaged in toilet servicing shall not perform water service. ONUR AIR, in cooperation with its handling agents, shall draw up a list of those stationswhere uplift of potable water is permitted and provide it to each flight deck and cabin crew. REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE According to Article 14(3) of the WHO's International Health Regulations, "every port andairport shall be provided with an effective system for the removal and safe disposal ofexcrement, refuse, waste water, condemned food, and other matters dangerous to health". ONUR AIR's handling agent shall provide warning when the removal of waste at a specificaerodrome is not ensured. Such information shall be relayed, by Ground Operations, to theflight deck and cabin crews.

  44. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.2.14. SERVICING THE AIRCRAFT OXYGEN Special safety provisions shall be observed when oxygen bottles of the aeroplane are beingfilled or exchanged (i. e., connection/disconnection to/from system): . No passenger shall be on board. . No ground power unit shall be connected or disconnected. . The FCOM/AOM specifies which electrical systems shall be "OFF" or, alternatively, shallnot be operating. . No fuelling/defuelling is permitted. . Filling/exchanging is not permitted during a thunderstorm. CLEANING OF CABIN Cleaning should have been finished, and cleaning personnel should have left the aeroplanebefore passenger embarkation. If passengers stay on board during transit, cabin cleaning should be performed in such a wayas not to disturb the passengers. The flight deck may only be cleaned under supervision of an authorized employee of thecompany. 8.2.2.15. SMOKING REGULATIONS Smoking in the aeroplane including cockpit and cabin is prohibited for all times. Also airportauthorities prohibit smoking in designated areas of the aerodrome even in aeroplanes whileat rest on the ground.

  45. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.3. PROCEDURE FOR THE REFUSAL OF EMBARKATION The commander is allowed to refuse to carry or to off-load at any aerodrome any passengerif, in his opinion, the conduct, status, age or mental or physical condition of the passenger issuch as to: . Render him incapable of carrying for himself without special assistance of cabin crew. . Cause discomfort or make himself objectionable to other passengers. . Involve any hazard or risk to himself or to other persons, or to property. . He fails to observe instructions of the crew. . Whenever it becomes necessary to remove a passenger from an aircraft, the flight crewshall inform the local company representative who, in turn, shall take the necessary actions,considering assistance of local law enforcement officers. . Passengers who have been refused embarkation or who has been disembarked are leftwith the airport authorities. . Responsibilities of persons other than the commander. In order to assist the commander inproper exercise of his authority, all company personnel engaged in passenger handling andloading,including other crew members, handling agents and check-in personnel, should alertthecommander if any time they consider that the condition of a particular passenger couldjeopardize the safety of a flight.

  46. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.4. DE-ICING AND ANTI-ICING ON THE GROUND 8.2.4.1. GLOSSARY / DEFINITIONS * Hoar Frost(şeker karı)(a rough white deposit of crystalline appearance formed at temperatures belowfreezing point) usually occurs on exposed surfaces on a cold and cloudless night. Itfrequently melts after sunrise; if it does not, an approved de-icing fluid should be applied insufficient quantities to remove the deposit. Generally, hoarfrost cannot be cleared bybrushing alone. Thin hoar frost is a uniform white deposit of fine crystalline texture, which isthin enough to distinguish surface features underneath, such as paint lines, markings, orlettering. * Rime Ice(kırağı)(a rough white covering of ice deposited from fog at temperature below freezingpoint). As the fog usually consists of super-cooled water drops, which only solidify on contactwith solid object, rime may form only on the windward side or edges and not on the surfaces.It can generally be removed by brushing, but when surfaces as well as edges are covered itwill be necessary to use an approved de-icing fluid. * Glaze(sırlı)Ice or Rain Ice (a smooth coating of clear ice formed when temperature is belowfreezing point and freezing rain contacts a solid surface) can only be removed by de-icingfluid, hard or sharp tools should not be used to scrape or chip the ice off as this can result indamage to the aircraft. * Dry Snow (normally experienced when temperatures are below freezing) can be brushedoff easily whilst wet snow(normally experienced in temperatures above freezing)is moredifficult to remove, being sufficiently wet to adhere. * Slush is water saturated with snow, which spatters when stepping firmly on it. It isencountered at temperature around 5 C.

  47. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.4. DE-ICING AND ANTI-ICING ON THE GROUND 8.2.4.1. GLOSSARY / DEFINITIONS * Anti-icing is a precautionary procedure, which provides protection against the formation offrost or ice and snow accumulation on treated surfaces of the aircraft for a limited periodoftime(holdover time). * De-Icing is a procedure by which ice, snow, slush or frost are removed from the aircraftsurfaces in order to provide clean surfaces. * De/Anti-Icing is a combination of the two procedures, de-icing and anti-icing, performed inone or two steps. A de-/anti-icing fluid, applied prior to the onset of freezing conditions, willgive a protection against the build-up of frozen deposits for a certain period of time,depending on the fluid used and the intensity of precipitation. With continuing precipitationholdover time will eventually run out and deposits will start to build up on exposed surfaces.However, the fluid film present will minimize the like hood of these frozen deposits bonding tothe structure, making subsequent de-icing much easier.

  48. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.4. DE-ICING AND ANTI-ICING ON THE GROUND 8.2.4.1. GLOSSARY / DEFINITIONS * Fluids De-icing fluids are: - Heated water - Newtonian fluid (ISO or SAE or AEA Type I) - Mixtures of water and Type I fluid - Non-Newtonian fluid (ISO or SAE or AEA Type II) - Mixtures of water and Type II fluid De-icing fluid is normally applied heatedto ensure maximum efficiency Anti-icing fluids are: - Newtonian fluid (ISO or SAE or AEA Type I) - Mixtures of water and Type I fluid - Non-Newtonian fluid (ISO or SAE or AEA Type II) - Mixtures of water and Type II fluid Anti-icing fluid is normally applied coldon clean aircraft surfaces. ISO:International Standard Organization, SAE:Society of Automotive Engineers, AEA:Association of European Airlines

  49. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.4. DE-ICING AND ANTI-ICING ON THE GROUND 8.2.4.1. GLOSSARY / DEFINITIONS Holdover Time is the estimated time anti-icing fluid will prevent the formation of frost or iceand the accumulation of snow on the protected surfaces of an aircraft, under (average)weather conditions mentioned in the guidelines for holdover time. The ISO/SAE specification states that the start of the holdover time is from the beginning ofthe anti-icing treatment. * Non-Newtonian fluids have characteristics that are dependent upon an applied force. Inthis instance it is the viscosity of Type II fluids which reduces with increasing shear force.The viscosity of Newtonian fluids depends on temperature only. * One Step Procedure De-/Anti-Icing is carried out with an anti-icing fluid, typically heated.The fluid used to de-ice the aircraft remains on aircraft surfaces to provide limited anti-icecapability. * Two Step Procedure De-/anti-icing consists of two distinct steps. The first step (de-icing)is followed by the second step (anti-icing) as a separate fluid application. After de-icing aseparate over spray of anti-icing fluid is applied to protect the relevant surfaces thusproviding maximum possible anti-ice capability.

  50. 8. OPERATINGPROCEDURES8.2. GROUND HANDLING 8.2.4.2. DE-/ ANTI-ICING AWARENESS - THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS . RESPONSIBILITY The person technically releasing the aircraft is responsible for the performance andverification of the results of the treatment. The responsibility of accepting the performedtreatment lies, however, with the pilot in command. The transfer of responsibility takes placeat the moment the aircraftstarts moving under its own power. . NECESSITY Icing conditions on ground can be expected when air temperatures approach or fall belowfreezing and when moisture or ice occurs in the form of either precipitation or condensation.Aircraft-related circumstances could also result in ice accretion when humid air attemperatures above freezing comes in contact with cold structure. . CHECKS The creworTechnical Personnel have to enough information and adequate knowledge inorder to dispatch.

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