1 / 38

Cellular Respiration

Learn about cellular respiration, the process of breaking down organic matter into ATP energy that all organisms need for survival. Discover the different stages and components involved in this vital energy-producing process.

antonioe
Download Presentation

Cellular Respiration

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Cellular Respiration Mader Biology Chapter 8

  2. Which organisms do cell respiration?

  3. ALL ORGANISMS! Cell respiration is the process of breaking organic matter (usually glucose) into ATP energy They may all undergo different variations of respiration, but all organisms need energy

  4. glucose ATP Cellular Respiration • C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy • A catabolic, oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O).

  5. Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae Outer membrane Inner membrane Mitochondria • Organelle where cellular respiration takes place.

  6. Redox Reaction Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another. Two types: • Oxidation • Reduction

  7. Oxidation glucose ATP Oxidation Reaction • The loss of electrons from a substance. • Or the gain of oxygen. • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

  8. Reduction C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose ATP Reduction Reaction • The gain of electrons to a substance. • Or the loss of oxygen.

  9. Breakdown of Cellular Respiration • Four main parts (reactions). • Glycolysis – splitting of sugar cytosol, just outside of mitochondria. 2. Preparatory Step migration from cytosol to matrix.

  10. Breakdown of Cellular Respiration 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) – Further breakdown of glucose mitochondrial matrix 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) – Synthesis of ATP by ATP Synthase Also called Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation inner mitochondrial membrane.

  11. 1. Glycolysis • Occurs in the cytosol just outside of mitochondria. • Two phases (10 steps): A. Energy investment phase a. Preparatory phase (first 5 steps). B. Energy yielding phase a. Energy payoff phase (second 5 steps).

  12. Glucose (6C) C-C-C-C-C-C 2ATP 2 ATP - used 0 ATP - produced 0 NADH - produced 2ADP + P C-C-C C-C-C Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP) 1. Glycolysis • A. Energy Investment Phase:

  13. Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP) GAP GAP C-C-C C-C-C 4ADP + P 0 ATP - used 4 ATP - produced 2 NADH - produced 4ATP C-C-C C-C-C (PYR) (PYR) Pyruvate (2 - 3C) (PYR) 1. Glycolysis • B. Energy Yielding Phase

  14. 1. Glycolysis • Total Net Yield • 2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR) • 2 - ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation) • 2 - NADH

  15. Enzyme O- C=O C-O- CH2 Adenosine P P P Substrate ADP (PEP) O- C=O C=O CH2 Product (Pyruvate) Adenosine P P P ATP Substrate-Level Phosphorylation • ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP. Example: PEP to PYR

  16. Cytosol 2 CO2 C C C Matrix C-C 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 2 Acetyl CoA 2NADH 2. Transition step • Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic). • 2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported through the mitochondria membrane to the matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules. C C C

  17. 2. Intermediate step • End Products: • 2 - NADH • 2 - CO2 • 2- Acetyl CoA (2C)

  18. Mitochondrial Matrix 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Location: mitochondrial matrix. • Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C). • It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule.

  19. 1 Acetyl CoA (2C) OAA (4C) Citrate (6C) Krebs Cycle 2 CO2 FADH2 (one turn) 3 NAD+ FAD 3 NADH ATP ADP + P 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

  20. 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) Citrate (6C) OAA (4C) Krebs Cycle 4 CO2 2 FADH2 (two turns) 6 NAD+ 2 FAD 6 NADH 2 ATP 2 ADP + P 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

  21. 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Total net yield (2 turns of krebs cycle) • 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) • 6 NADH • 2 FADH2 • 4 CO2

  22. Inner Mitochondrial Membrane 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • Where Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) takes place • Location: inner mitochondrial membrane. • Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP. • ETC pumps H+ (protons) across inner membrane (lowers pH in innermembrane space).

  23. 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) • The H+ then move via diffusion (Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP. • All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration. • Each NADH converts to 3 ATP. • Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP • (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH).

  24. Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae Outer membrane Inner membrane 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis)

  25. higher H+ concentration Intermembrane Space 1H+ 2H+ 3H+ ATP Synthase H+ Inner Mitochondrial Membrane E T C 2H+ + 1/2O2 ADP + ATP P H2O H+ NADH + H+ NAD+ (Proton Pumping) lower H+ concentration Matrix 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis)

  26. Intermembrane Space higher H+ concentration 1H+ 2H+ ATP Synthase H+ Inner Mitochondrial Membrane E T C ADP + ATP P 2H+ + 1/2O2 H2O FADH2 + H+ FAD+ H+ (Proton Pumping) lower H+ concentration Matrix 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for FADH2)

  27. ATP! TOTAL ATP YIELD 04 ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylation 38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD

  28. Eukaryotes(Have Membranes) • Total ATP Yield • 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) • 04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis • 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase • 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) • 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle • 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle • 36 ATP - TOTAL

  29. Glucose Cytosol Mitochondria Krebs Cycle Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA 2 Pyruvate 2NADH 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 6NADH 2FADH2 2NADH ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes) 36 ATP (maximum per glucose)

  30. Prokaryotes(Lack Membranes) • Total ATP Yield • 02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation) • 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis • 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase • 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) • 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle • 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle • 38 ATP - TOTAL

  31. In addition to glucose, what other food molecules are used for energy? How do we get energy from them?

  32. Catabolism of VariousFood Molecules Other organic molecules are used for fuel • 1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides • 2. Fats: glycerol and fatty acids • 3. Proteins: amino acids

  33. What Happens When You Don’t Have Oxygen? Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration

  34. Fermentation Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen” is present (called anaerobic). Glycolysis is part of fermentation. Two Types: • Alcohol Fermentation • Lactic Acid Fermentation

  35. 2ADP + 2 2ATP C C C C CC P 2NADH 2 NAD+ C C C C C Glycolysis 2 Ethanol 2 Pyruvic acid 2CO2 released 2 NAD+ 2NADH glucose Alcohol Fermentation • Plants and Fungi  beer and wine

  36. Alcohol Fermentation • End Products: Alcohol fermentation • 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) • 2 - CO2 • 2 - Ethanol’s

  37. 2ADP + 2 2ATP C C C C CC P 2NADH 2 NAD+ C C C C C C Glycolysis 2 Lactic acid 2 Pyruvic acid 2 NAD+ 2NADH Glucose Lactic Acid Fermentation • Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).

  38. Lactic Acid Fermentation • End Products: Lactic acid fermentation • 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) • 2 - Lactic Acids

More Related