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PSY 369: Psycholinguistics

PSY 369: Psycholinguistics. Language Comprehension: Sentence comprehension. The Human Eye. At its center is the fovea, a pit that is most sensitive to light and is responsible for our sharp central vision. The central retina is cone-dominated and the peripheral retina is rod-dominated.

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PSY 369: Psycholinguistics

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  1. PSY 369: Psycholinguistics Language Comprehension: Sentence comprehension

  2. The Human Eye • At its center is the fovea, a pit that is most sensitive to light and is responsible for our sharp central vision. • The central retina is cone-dominated and the peripheral retina is rod-dominated.

  3. Retinal Sampling

  4. Retinal Sampling

  5. Eye Movements • Within the visual field, eye movements serve two major functions • Saccades to Fixations – Position target objects of interest on the fovea • Tracking – Keep fixated objects on the fovea despite movements of the object or head

  6. Fixations • The eye is (almost) still – perceptions are gathered during fixations • The most important of eye “movements” • 90% of the time the eye is fixated • duration: 150ms - 600ms

  7. Saccades • Saccades are used to move the fovea to the next object/region of interest. • Connect fixations • Duration 10ms - 120ms • Very fast (up to 700 degrees/second) • No visual perception during saccades • Vision is suppressed • Evidence that some cognitive processing may also be suppressed during eye-movements (Irwin, 1998)

  8. Saccades Move to here

  9. Saccade w/o suppression

  10. Saccades Move to here

  11. Saccades

  12. Saccades • Saccades are used to move the fovea to the next object/region of interest. • Connect fixations • Duration 10ms - 120ms • Very fast (up to 700 degrees/second) • No visual perception during saccades • Vision is suppressed • Ballistic movements (pre-programmed) • About 150,000 saccades per day

  13. Smooth Pursuit • Smooth movement of the eyes for visually tracking a moving object • Cannot be performed in static scenes (fixation/saccade behavior instead)

  14. Saccades Jerky No correction Up to 700 degrees/sec Background is not blurred (saccadic suppression) Smooth pursuit Smooth and continuous Constantly corrected by visual feedback Up to 100 degrees/sec Background is blurred Smooth Pursuit versus Saccades

  15. Eye-movements in reading • Eye-movements in reading are saccadic rather than smooth Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

  16. Eye-movements in reading • Eye-movements in reading are saccadic rather than smooth Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

  17. Eye-movements in reading • Eye-movements in reading are saccadic rather than smooth Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

  18. Eye-movements in reading • Eye-movements in reading are saccadic rather than smooth Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

  19. Eye-movements in reading • Eye-movements in reading are saccadic rather than smooth Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

  20. Eye-movements in reading • Eye-movements in reading are saccadic rather than smooth Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

  21. Eye-movements in reading • Eye-movements in reading are saccadic rather than smooth Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

  22. Eye-movements in reading • Eye-movements in reading are saccadic rather than smooth Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

  23. Eye-movements in reading • Limitations of the visual field • 130 degrees vertically, 180 degrees horizontally (including peripheral vision • Perceptual span for reading: 7-12 spaces Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

  24. Measuring Eye Movements Purkinje Eye Tracker • Laser is aimed at the eye. • Laser light is reflected by cornea and lens • Pattern of reflected light is received by an array of light-sensitive elements. • Very precise • Also measures pupil accomodation • No head movements

  25. Measuring Eye Movements Video-Based Systems • Infrared camera directed at eye • Image processing hardware determines pupil position and size (and possibly corneal reflection) • Good spatial precision (0.5 degrees) for head-mounted systems • Good temporal resolution (up to 500 Hz) possible

  26. dog The man hit the with the leash. S NP det N The man

  27. dog The man hit the with the leash. S NP VP V det N The man hit

  28. dog The man hit the with the leash. S NP VP V NP NP det N det N The man hit the dog

  29. PP with the leash dog The man hit the with the leash. S NP VP V NP NP Modifier det N det N The man hit the dog

  30. PP with the leash dog The man hit the with the leash. S NP VP V NP Instrument NP det N det N The man hit the dog

  31. dog The man hit the with the leash. • How do we know which structure to build?

  32. Parsing • The syntactic analyser or “parser” • Main task: To construct a syntactic structure from the words of the sentence as they arrive

  33. Different approaches • Serial Analysis (Modular): Build just one based on syntactic information and continue to try to add to it as long as this is still possible • Interactive Analysis: Use multiple levels (both syntax and semantics) of information to build the “best” structure • Parallel Analysis: Build both alternative structures at the same time • Minimal Commitment: Stop building - and wait until later material clarifies which analysis is the correct one.

  34. Sentence Comprehension • Modular

  35. Interactive models Sentence Comprehension • Modular

  36. Sentence Comprehension • Garden path sentences • A garden path sentence invites the listener to consider one possible parse, and then at the end forces him to abandon this parse in favor of another.

  37. Real Headlines • Juvenile Court to Try Shooting Defendant • Red tape holds up new bridge • Miners Refuse to Work after Death • Retired priest may marry Springsteen • Local High School Dropouts Cut in Half • Panda Mating Fails; Veterinarian Takes Over • Kids Make Nutritious Snacks • Squad Helps Dog Bite Victim • Hospitals are Sued by 7 Foot Doctors

  38. S NP VP The horse Sentence Comprehension • Garden path sentences • The horse raced past the barn fell.

  39. Sentence Comprehension • Garden path sentences • The horse raced past the barn fell. S NP VP V The horse raced

  40. Sentence Comprehension • Garden path sentences • The horse raced past the barn fell. S NP VP V PP P NP The horse raced past

  41. Sentence Comprehension • Garden path sentences • The horse raced past the barn fell. S NP VP V PP P NP The horse raced past the barn

  42. Sentence Comprehension • Garden path sentences • The horse raced past the barn fell. S NP VP V PP P NP The horse raced past the barn fell

  43. Sentence Comprehension • Garden path sentences • The horse raced past the barn fell. • raced is initially treated as a past tense verb S NP VP V PP P NP The horse raced past the barn

  44. Sentence Comprehension • Garden path sentences • The horse raced past the barn fell. • raced is initially treated as a past tense verb • This analysis fails when the verb fell is encountered S NP VP V PP P NP The horse raced past the barn fell

  45. S VP NP V NP RR PP V P NP The horse raced past the barn fell Sentence Comprehension • Garden path sentences • The horse raced past the barn fell. • raced is initially treated as a past tense verb • This analysis fails when the verb fell is encountered • raced can be re-analyzed as a past participle. S NP VP V PP P NP The horse raced past the barn fell

  46. A serial model • Formulated by Lyn Frazier (1978, 1987) • Build trees using syntactic cues: • phrase structure rules • plus two parsing principles • Minimal Attachment • Late Closure

  47. A serial model • Minimal Attachment • Prefer the interpretation that is accompanied by the simplest structure. • simplest = fewest branchings (tree metaphor!) • Count the number of nodes = branching points The girl hit the man with the umbrella.

  48. Minimal attachment S 8 Nodes NP VP the girl V NP Preferred S hit NP PP NP VP the man P NP the girl V NP PP with the umbrella hit the man P NP with the umbrella 9 nodes The girl hit the man with the umbrella.

  49. A serial model • Late Closure • Incorporate incoming material into the phrase or clause currently being processed. OR • Associate incoming material with the most recent material possible. She said he tickled her yesterday

  50. Parsing Preferences .. late closure S Preferred S np vp np vp she v S' adv she v S' said np vp yesterday said np vp he v np he v np adv tickled her tickled her yesterday (Both have 10 nodes, so use LC not MA) She said he tickled her yesterday

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