Causes of The Pueblo Revolt

1. The Pueblo Revolt Antonio Mondragon 12/5/18 Nm history 2260-301

2. Thesis • What were the causes of The Pueblo Revolt of 1680? • The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was the fighting back of the native peoples against the Spanish empire that had colonized their land and impeded their way of life. This was a success on the part of the pueblo peoples of New Mexico.

3. “Pueblo Revolt – American history” • Author-Dr. Karen Carr • URL-https://quatr.us/nativeamerican/pueblo-revolt-american-history.htm • This article is a timeline structured summary of the pueblo revolt from start to finish. The author begins with the invasion of Spanish peoples, and their forced efforts to convert the native peoples. It is stated that the treatment of the natives became worse and prompted them to revolt against the Spanish. The Spanish were forced out and the natives kept their horses and donkeys which is the reason they have them.

4. Evaluation • The author, Dr. Karen Carr is a professor at Portland State University who holds a doctorate in Classical Art and Archaeology from The University of Michigan, who has taught several different courses in history. Because of her career and education history she has the authority and knowledge to inform others, this makes this source credible.

5. “Pueblo Revolt” • Author-Unknown • URL-https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1122.html • This website offers a short telling of the way the natives were treated with a focus on the terrible acts of the Spanish colonists. The article also briefly mentions Pope who was considered to be the leader of the successful uprising. The article talks about the encomienda system which was very reminiscent of slavery or forced labor.

6. Evaluation • This website has an unknown author but the about page of the website which is named “United States History” states that their articles are a compilation of the best information that has been multiple sourced for validity. They also state that their target audience is anywhere from high school to lower level college. With these facts in mind it is safe to say that this is a reputable source on this subject.

7. “Pueblo uprising of 1680” • Author- Khan Academy volunteer editors • URL-https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/precontact-and-early-colonial-era/spanish-colonization/a/pueblo-uprising-of-1680 • This article goes over the way the pueblo people successfully organized a revolt against the Spanish, and how they ultimately failed to take back Santa Fe. Despite their partial success they left a lasting effect on the growing culture. As a result of their defeat the Spanish decreased their labor demands and the natives no longer had as much of a forced religion in the form of Catholicism. It is stated that pueblo culture helped shape and influence New Mexican culture.

8. Evaluation • Khan Academy is a non profit education company who use volunteers and donations to provide credible information at no cost they claim to have over 150 accredited people who provide free content for use by teachers and students, in my opinion they are a great source who are doing a good thing.

9. “The Pueblo Revolt” • Author- Ojibwa • URL-https://nativeamericannetroots.net/diary/424 • This post went over primarily the ways the pueblo peoples retaliated for the Spanish misdeeds. The author states how the natives went as far as to kill catholic religious leaders and mutilate their bodies, on top of this they burned churches to ultimately drive this religion out. It is stated that their anger was primarily with the Franciscans and not the Spanish as a whole.

10. evaluation • This post is a blog post by a user named Ojibwa who has many different posts on the blog all of which pertain to native American history. His devotion to the history of the native people leaves me inclined to believe that he or she is a knowledgeable and credible source in information on the history of pueblo peoples.

11. “Coexistence and Conflict in the Spanish Southwest: The Pueblo Revolt of 1680” • Author-Pedro Naranjo • URL-http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=3&psid=651 • This article is a document that was written by a man named Pedro Naranjo who was a Indian prisoner at the time of the revolt. He was asked what reasons the natives had for rebelling, he gave many reasons in his account but they all stemmed back to the Spanish infringing upon their way of life. On top of this he said that Pope had ordered all the native people in his command to destroy any piece of Catholic religious symbolism or places of worship.

12. Evaluation • As far as validity of information goes, it doesn’t get much better than a primary source. This is a first hand account of the revolt and one mans observations of how everything occurred. He knew who and what were responsible for the revolt. This is a very credible source of information on the pueblo revolt.

13. “1680 – the Pueblo Revolt” • Author-Margaret Wood • URL-https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2013/10/1680-the-pueblo-revolt/ • This Blog post goes over the revolt from the initial conquest of the New Mexico area in 1540 all the way to their eventual reconquest in 1692. The author tells of the encomienda system which forced the Puebloan people to give a portion of their crops and food to the Spanish, as well as the repartimiento system in which pueblo people had to work without pay. She states that not much is known about Pope other than the fact that he led the revolt.

14. Evaluation • This is a blog post to The Library of Congress by Margaret Wood who has been a legal reference librarian at the Law Library of Congress since 2006. although she is technically not a historian she has professional experience with the library of congress: She works in the Public Services Division providing research and reference assistance to Congress, the courts, executive branch agencies, and the public. In addition to doing reference work, she oversees the collections in the Law Library Reading Room. Before coming to the Law Library, she ran the Law Library at the U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters in southwest Washington and, previous to that, she spent several years working as a cataloger”. I trust with these accolades as someone who ran libraries, she has the knowledge to educate people on this subject.

15. “Letting the Unspoken Speak:A Reexamination of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680” • Author-Erin McHugh • URL-https://www.armstrong.edu/history-journal/history-journal-letting-the-unspoken-speak-a-reexamination-of-the-pueblo-re • This page is a writing about the Pueblo Revolt and how most accounts of it were at the time to be taken as a partial truth. The author places an emphasis on the fact that most accounts of this time were written by the oppressors and the info was biased and skewed. She quoted the way the Spanish called the natives barbaric and savages in their reports. She also goes over the way the Puebloans were free to express their religion until the Spanish arrived and forced the peoples to convert or be punished, this was a common theme for the cause of uprising rightfully so people today would not stand for the forcing of a religion or lifestyle on themselves.

16. evaluation • This summary was written by a third year history major named Erin McHugh who attends St. Olaf College, Minnesota. She plans to attend graduate school to continue her study in history. Taking into account her major and also considering her passion for history, it is safe to say that the information that she provided is accurate.

17. Conclusion • There were many reasons for the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, all of which were justified. From forcing religion, repartimiento systems and encomienda, the tyrannous hand of Spain was to blame for the pueblos need to rebel. These misdeeds were by anyone's definition of the word inhumane. With Pope at the help the natives were an unstoppable force and drove the Spanish out for some time. The uprising made things somewhat better but were still mistreated and unfairly compensated after the fact when Spain reconquered the area. The bravery and initiative of this event inspired other uprisings at the time as well.

18. Works cited • “Pueblo Revolt - American History.” Quatr.us Study Guides, Publisher Name Quatr.us Study Guides Publisher Logo, 2 Oct. 2018, quatr.us/nativeamerican/pueblo-revolt-american-history.htm. • “United States History.” Douglas MacArthur, www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1122.html. • “Pueblo Uprising of 1680.” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/precontact-and-early-colonial-era/spanish-colonization/a/pueblo-uprising-of-1680. • Native American Netroots, nativeamericannetroots.net/diary/424. • Digital History, www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=3&psid=651. • https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2013/10/1680-the-pueblo-revolt/ • “Letting the Unspoken Speak: A Reexamination of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.” Containing the KalonKakon: The Portrayal of Women in Ancient Greek Mythology - Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History, www.armstrong.edu/history-journal/history-journal-letting-the-unspoken-speak-a-reexamination-of-the-pueblo-re.