Term 8 Senior Design Project

1. Term 8 Senior Design Project Sustainable Water Desalination Tuesday February 7, 2012

2. Project Team Team Members: Mission Statement: “Our mission is to use problem solving and analytical abilities, building upon knowledge from engineering course work and work terms, to design and build a simplistic prototype for a sustainable water desalination device. This device will utilize energy captured from the environment whenever possible while maintaining a robust design for use in a developing nation.” Team Website: http://mundesalination.weebly.com/

3. Agenda • Project Overview • Preliminary Research • Concept Selection Process • Preliminary Engineering • Forward Plan

4. Project Scope Project Goal: • Design and develop a water desalination device for implementation in underprivileged coastal areas Design Necessities: • Minimize moving parts • Minimize power input requirements • Eliminate skilled labour and specialized equipment requirements • System does not otherwise reduce quality of water

5. Project Considerations Safety Risk People

6. Project Schedule • Currently in Design Phase • Construction Phase: Proof of concept (scale or partial model) • Testing Phase: Benchmarking to evaluate design

7. Preliminary ResearchDesalination Reverse Osmosis Solar Distillation Multi-Stage Flash Process

8. Concept Selection Process • Eliminated multi-stage flash due to inherent complexity • Completed concept selection process with selection matrix approach • Key Considerations: • Reverse Osmosis: Filter change-out and spoiling • Reverse Osmosis: High pressure requirements • Solar Distillation: Lower production rates • Solar Distillation: Base system requires no moving parts Selected Concept: Solar Distillation

9. Preliminary Engineering

10. Evaporation and Condensation Steady state system: Evaporation Rate = Condensation Rate Optimize Evaporation and Condensation  Maximize Production How? • Maximize water temperature • Minimize condensation surface temperature • Maximize water surface area • Reduce atmospheric pressure

11. Efficiency Improvements Increase Water Temperature: • Colour Water  Increases water ability to absorb radiant energy • Solar Concentrators  Directs additional solar radiation Increase Condensation Rate: • Cool Surface  Increases condensation rate at surface Increase Active Area: • Wicking/ Capillary Action  Increases exposed surface area • Air Flow  Increases evaporation rate Increase Evaporation or Promote Boiling: • Vacuum  Reduces pressure on surface, lowers boiling point

12. Prior Art • Basic Design: • Greenhouse type geometry • Heat Sink: • Used to store heat • Stones submerged in water • Stones retain heat as water is evaporated or cycled through the system BRINE

13. Prior Art • Multi-Basin: • Two condensation surfaces • Maximizes per m2 output • Water Boiler: • Reduce system atmosphere • Additional solar flux

14. Prior Art • Cascade / Step Configuration: • Minimizes distance between water and condensation surface • Two Stage E/C System: • Potential for significant cooling of the condensation section • Lower efficiency – humid air is expelled

15. Forward Plan

16. References • Cortuvo et al, Desalination Tehnology - Health and Environmental Impacts.: IWA Publishing. • (2010, December) Health Canada. [Online]. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/2010-sum_guide-res+recom/index-eng • A.G., Govet, C. Dickson. (1994) Chapter 5 - Physical and Thermodynamic Data. [Online]. http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/cdiac74/chapter5.pdf • Uri Lachish. (1998) Vapor Pressure, Boiling and Freezing Temperatures of a Soluation. [Online]. http://urila.tripod.com/colligative.htm • S. Grajdieru. (2003, March) Solar-powered Desalinators to Provide Drinking Water in Arid Areas. [Online]. http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-3178-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html • (2011) Small Scale Desalination. [Online]. http://www.desware.net/Small-Scale-Desalination.aspx • (2010) Multi Stage Flash Processes. [Online]. http://www.sidem-desalination.com/en/process/MSF • (2011) Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation. [Online]. http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/co/maho/wawa/wawa_001.cfm • R. Shaw, Wave Energy: A design Challenge, Horwood, Ed. Chichester: 1982. • (2007, April) Mechanical Ocean Energy Conversion, Part II. [Online]. http://montaraventures.com/energy/2007/04/13/mechanical-ocean-energy-conversion-part-ii/ • (2007, April) Stephen Salter: pioneer of wave power. [Online]. http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in-depth/stephn-salter-pioneer-pf-wave-power/299034.article#ixzz1Z6VLv18f • M.E. McCormick, Ocean Wave Energy Conversion. New York, USA: Wiley, 1981. • P. Takahaski, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. New York, USA: Wiley, 1996. • (2004, November) Ocean Thermal energy conversion diagram and applications. [Online]. http://www.nrel.gov/otec/ • M. Jacobson. (2008, January) Review of Solution to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security. [Online]. http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/EnergyEnvRev1008.pdf • Saturated Vapor Pressure. [Online]. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/vappre.html#c1 • S.A. Kalogirou, Solar Energy Engineering - Processes and Systems.: Elsevier, 2009. • M.K. Gnanadason, P.S. Kumar, G. Sivaraman, and J.E. Daniel, "Design and Performance Analysis of a Modified Vacuum Single Basin Solar Still ," Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, no. 2, pp. 388-395, September 2011.

17. Thank You! Questions?

18. BACKUP

19. Multi Stage Flash

20. Solar Still Production Theory • Correlations developed for modeling simple solar stills: • Includes some experimental parameters • Requires testing of constructed prototype • Relations can be used to identify areas to exploit: