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Chapter 18, Section 5

Chapter 18, Section 5. Afghanistan & the World. What is the greatest natural resource in the Middle East?. Oil. History of Afghanistan. Located east of Iran & north of Pakistan Mountainous & desert terrain People are farmers & herders

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Chapter 18, Section 5

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  1. Chapter 18, Section 5 Afghanistan & the World

  2. What is the greatest natural resource in the Middle East? Oil

  3. History of Afghanistan • Located east of Iran & north of Pakistan • Mountainous & desert terrain • People are farmers & herders • 1800s- Russians & Britain competed for control of Afghanistan • Britain fought 3 wars against Afghanis. Britain finally left in 1919. • Countries that have went to war with Afghanistan- Britain, Russia, USSR, and US

  4. 1919- Afghanistan declared independence & began modernizing • 1964- made a constitution & sought to become a democracy • This system failed to develop because of indecision & no interest

  5. Pushing Back the Soviets • During the Cold War, Afghanistan was neutral • It received aid from both US & USSR • 1978- an Afghan group w/ties to Soviets seized control of country • Many Afghanis opposed Communism because it conflicted with Islamic teachings

  6. Mujahideen- holy warriors • Fought against the Soviet-supported gov’t • 1979-1980- Soviets invaded Afghanistan to add it to their Soviet empire • Afghan rebels used terrain & guerrilla tactics along with $ & military assistance from U.S. • After 10 years- Soviets withdraw because of cost of war and not winning • Afghanis beat the Soviets

  7. Rise & Fall of the Taliban • Taliban- extremist Islamic group took control of Afghanistan in the 1990s • 1998- controlled 90% of the country • Initially Taliban was seen as positive- brought order, attacked corruption, & promoted business

  8. Taliban followed extreme Islamic law: • Women forbidden to go to school or hold jobs • Violators of the law were severely punished- beatings, amputations, or execution • Taliban are accused of harboring terrorists like Osama Bin Laden & terrorists groups like al-Queda

  9. Osama Bin Laden Born in Saudi Arabia to a wealthy family of billionaires He went to college in Saudi Arabia In 1979, when he joined the mujahideen forces in Pakistan against the Soviets in Afghanistan. He helped fund the mujahideen and provide them with soldiers In 1988, he founded al-Qaeda al-Qaeda: a militant Islamic fundamentalist group

  10. Osama Bin Laden used mountain hideouts in Afghanistan as a base of operation for his global network of terrorists known as al-Qaeda Bin Laden was banished from Saudi Arabia in 1992 and went to Sudan in Africa U.S. forced him to leave the Sudan in 1996 1996- Bin Laden went to Afghanistan and he declared a war against the United States, initiating a series of bombings and related attacks

  11. Bin Laden & al-Qaeda • Responsible for attacks on the West • September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York & the Pentagon in Washington D.C. • Around 3,000 died on 9/11 • US demanded Taliban turn over al-Queda leader Bin Laden • They refused • In Oct. 2001, US attacked Taliban & al Qaeda training camps

  12. Dec. 2001- Taliban driven from power Hamid Karzai- elected leader of new Afghan gov’t in 2002 & current President Bin Laden was killed on May 2, 2011 at zero dark thirty (is military slang for 00:30 or 12:30 am)

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