The Cold War: 1945-1991

1. The Cold War:1945-1991 Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Edited by Mrs. Browne 

2. Part I:The Cold War Begins 1945- 1961

3. The Ideological Struggle Definition: a conflict of ideas Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. GOAL promote democracy & capitalism GOAL spread world-wide Communism GOAL challenge capitalism & the weaknesses of democracy

4. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

5. Truman Doctrine [1947] • Situation #1: A Civil War begins in Greece. • Situation #2: Turkey is under pressure from the USSR for territory in the Dardanelles (Mediterranean Sea). • The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. • The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

6. Truman Doctrine & Containment

7. Marshall Plan [1948] • “European Recovery Program.” • Secretary of State, George Marshall • The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. • $12.5 billion of US aid given

8. Post-War Germany

9. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49) • Stalin attempts to block West Berlin in order to gain control of it. • The West will not give it up; supplies flown in daily. • The West “wins”; Stalin reopens access to West Berlin

10. The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?” • The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. • Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

11. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain

12. Warsaw Pact (1955) • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania

13. Premier Nikita Khrushchev About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on You whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don't invite us to come to see you. Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will bury you. -- 1956 • Khrushchev comes to power in 1954 after Stalin dies • Will remain leader until 1964 (removed after Cuban Missile Crisis) • Promotes De-Stalinization (recognition that Stalin used terror & repression and gov’t would not do so anymore) • Crushes rebellion in Hungary in 1956 • Leader when Sputnik was launched beginning Space Race • Supports Fidel Castro in Cuba

14. The Hungarian Uprising: 1956 Imre Nagy, HungarianPrime Minister • Promised free elections. • This could lead to the end of communist rule in Hungary. • USSR crushes this idea, Nagy executed in 1958 • Thousands died

15. Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

16. U-2 Spy Incident (1960) Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

17. Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961

18. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) CheckpointCharlie

19. Part ii: The Cold War from its Height to détente1961-1979

20. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

21. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

22. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) • Khrushchev removes the missiles from Cuba • The US will remove missiles from Turkey in exchange • The top Soviet leaders view this as a humiliation and force Khrushchev to resign!

23. Creation of the US-USSR Hotline • June 20, 1963 After the scare of the Cuban Missile Crisis, it was believed that a direct line of communication was needed between the US-USSR ! Considered the way to avert nuclear war & WW III!

24. Ich bin ein Berliner!(June 26, 1963) President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

25. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty • August 5,1963 • Signed in Moscow, USSR • US, Britain, USSR agreed to ban any above ground tests of nuclear weapons • Concern over nuclear fallout & its effects !

26. Leonid Brezhnev & the Brezhnev Doctrine • Brezhnev comes to power after Khrushchev is removed for “health reasons” • Will rule until his death in 1982 • Pursues détente with the US ( a lessening of tension & increase in trade) • Maintains FIRM control over other USSR controlled areas The Brezhnev Doctrine: the Soviet Union’s right to intervene in another Communist nation if communism was being threatened in ANY way!

27. “Prague Spring” (1968) Former Czech President, Alexander Dubček Communism with a human face! Prague Spring is ended by the USSR under the Brezhnev Doctrine!

28. The Domino Theory • 1950’s - 1970’s • Belief in the United States that if 1 nation falls to communism… all nations in the area could also fall!

29. SALT I TREATY • Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty • Negotiations lasted from November 1969 to May 1972 • Includes “smaller agreements” regarding different types of nuclear weapons

30. HELSINKI ACCORDS • August 1,1975 • Agreement signed by 35 nations: US, USSR, most European nations Recognized post WWII borders in Europe Recognized need for human rights protections

31. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan • 1979 • The USSR invaded Afghanistan in order to “restore” a pro-Soviet government

32. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan • US Response •  collapse of détente • US did not participate in 1980 Moscow Olympics • US embargo of grain shipments to USSR •  US gives military aid to mujahideen rebels fighting Soviets

33. PART III: The Cold War & Conflicts Around the World 1945-1991

34. The Cold War & Conflicts Around the World • Both the USSR and the US will use money, military, and propaganda to win over other nations to “their side” • This will occur in Asia, Latin America, Africa & the Middle East

35. China (1949) • 1949 • Chinese Communists win Civil War against the Nationalists • China becomes the People’s Republic of China • Mao rules until 1976

36. The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953) • South Korea: • occupied by US after WWII • Supported by US during conflict • US & UN troops pushed back invasion • US still stations troops along DMZ border Kim Il-Sung • North Korea: • occupied by USSR after WWII • supported by China during conflict • Invaded south in 1950 to unify Korea • Still communist today Syngman Rhee

37. The Suez Crisis: 1956-1957 • Gamal Abdel Nasser: • Leader of Egypt • Nationalized the Suez canal to end British control • Supported by USSR • $ from USSR helped build Aswan High Dam • Supported by USSR in wars against Israel until 1979

38. Cuban Revolution (1959)

39. Vietnam War: 1964-1973 • After WWII, region begins to fight for independence against France (imperialism) • France cannot “hold on” and pulls out in 1954 • Vietnam is divided by UN into North & South; Ho Chi Minh is leader of North • US sees Vietnam as example of the domino theory and begins to send troops • US fights in Vietnam from 1964-1975 when last troops are pulled out; Vietnam is reunified under communist rule • Vietnamese always viewed this as a fight against imperialism NOT a fight for communism!

40. Iran-Iraq: 1979 - 1988 • Long (confusing) History here!... We will cover more in Chapter 30!! • OIL! • 1950’s the UShelped put ( & keep) the Shah of Iran in power (BFF’s) • 1979 the Shah of Iran was overthrown by the Islamic Revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeni, US hostages taken @ embassy in Teheran (no longer BFF’s) • 1960’s the USSR supported Iraq which was then a socialist dictatorship (BFF’s) • 1979 Saddam Hussein came to power in Iraq (no longer BFF’s) • 1980 – 1988 Iran v. Iraq War • US supports Iraq (new BFF until 1990) • USSR supports Iran (new BFF, still kinda a BFF today)

41. Nicaragua 1980’s • The Somoza family dominated Nicaragua’s government from 1937 until 1990 • They were rich & ruthless • The Sandinistas began to fight against the government in the 1980’s for elections & fair treatment • they used Marxist ideology • They were aligned with the USSR • The US then began to support the contras • Elections were held in 1990 • Daniel Ortega (Sandinista) was elected President in 2007 (ironic?) .

42. Part IV: The Cold War from Brezhnev to Gorbachev & the Collapse of the USSR 1979-1991

43. Mikhail Gorbachev Leonid Brezhnev

44. SALT II • 1977 to 1979 • Continued to build upon earlier agreements  improved relations (détente) • However, US never ratified due to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan & pulled out altogether in 1986

45. Solidarity • Formed in 1980 • A labor union in Poland led by Lech Walesa • Symbolic of fight against USSR & communism

46. START Treaty • First proposed by President Reagan on June 29, 1982 • Designed to limit number of nuclear warhead missiles (5,000) and ICBM’s (2,500) • Rejected by USSR until Gorbachev came to power • Finally signed…July 31,1991

47. Gorbachev’s glasnost & perestroika • Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power March 1985 • Brought reform to the USSR • Perestroika • Restructure the economy • Allow limited free enterprise & some private ownership • Glasnost • Openess in society • Ended support of Eastern European communists, pulled out of Afghanistan • Elections in the Soviet Parliament

48. Chernobyl Accident • Largest uncontrolled release of radioactive materials (over 10 days) • 19 mile exclusion zone still exists • Major health & environmental impacts April 26, 1986

49. Fall of the Berlin Wall November 9, 1989  The Berlin Wall falls. In the next year, Germany will be reunited.

50. Attempted Coup of Gorbachev • August 21, 1991 • Hardliners attempt to overthrow Gorbachev and return the USSR to the “old ways” The Coup fails!