The Cold War

1. Mr. Maldonado APUSH/USH The Cold War

2. Beginning of the Cold War U.S. Soviet union Communism State-controlled economy No opposing political parties (totalitarian) • Democracy • Capitalism • Voting by the people (competing political parties)

3. Suspicions Begin • Soviet Union • Resentful that the U.S. didn’t help in Europe sooner • Manhattan Project (Atomic bomb) was kept a secret • U.S. • Resentful that the Soviet Union made a pact with Hitler

4. United Nations • Peacekeeping organization founded after WWII (1945) • Both the U.S. and the Soviet Union joined

6. Potsdam Conference (July, 1945) • U.S., Great Britain and the Soviet Union met • Final wartime conference • Soviet Union decided not to allow Poland and other Eastern European nations to have free elections • Reparations would be taken from German occupied zones (split in 4)

8. Aims for Europe (after WWII) U.S. Soviet union Encourage the spread of communism Rebuild using resources from Eastern Europe Control Eastern Europe to balance U.S. influence in Western Europe Maintain a divided Germany • All nations given the right of self-determination • Choose whichever type of government it wants • Gain access to Eastern Europe’s resources • Reunite Germany, belief that Europe would be more productive

9. Satellite Nations • The Soviet Union set-up communist governments in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Poland • Became known as satellite nations • Countries controlled by the Soviet Union

11. Containment Policy • Truman and the U.S. began a containment policy • Take measures to prevent the spread of communism • Churchill described Eastern Europe as being under an “Iron Curtain”

14. Cold War Begins (1945-1991) • Conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union that never resulted in combat

15. Truman Doctrine • Truman asked for $400M from Congress to aid Greece and Turkey • Fight off communism • U.S. Congress agreed… • U.S. would support countries in resisting communism

18. Marshall Plan (1947) • Secretary of State George Marshall proposed that the U.S. provide aid to the people of Europe • 16 countries received $13B in aid • By 1952, Western Europe began to flourish • Helped stop the spread of communism in Western Europe

20. Germany • U.S./Britain/France decided to combine their three occupational zones into one nation • Stalin decided to block access to West Berlin (capital of Germany)

23. Berlin Airlift • U.S. and British would drop food and other supplies to West Berlin for 327 days • Boosted American prestige around the world • Stalin lifted the blockade of West Berlin in 1949

27. Division of Germany • West Germany • Federal Republic of Germany • Aided by the U.S. and other western European countries • East Germany • German Democratic Republic • Soviet controlled

29. NATO • The countries of Western Europe allied with the U.S. and Canada to form NATO • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • 12 countries pledged military support to one another in the event of an attack • First time in U.S. history the U.S. enters into a military alliance during peacetime

30. NATO • Greece and Turkey joined in 1952 • West Germany joined in 1955 • U.S. would not keep an isolationist policy any longer

32. China • Led by Mao Zedong and his Red Army, China became a Communist country in 1949 • Formed the People’s Republic of China • U.S. refused to acknowledge the new government of China • American people are stunned, felt the U.S. should have done more to prevent this from happening

36. The Korean War • Division of Korea at the 38° parallel • The Soviet Union controlled the North • North Korea • The U.S. controlled the South • South Korea

37. The Korean War • The U.S. only left 500 troops in S. Korea • Soviet Union felt they could easily take it over • June 25, 1950 • N. Korea attacks S. Korea • United Nations Security Council passed a resolution to stop the invasion of S. Korea

40. The Korean War • Led by General Douglas MacArthur, U.S. led forces from South Korea drove the North Koreans back passed the 38° parallel • China joined the war on N. Korea’s side • Chinese forces outnumbered the UN forces 10-1

41. MacArthur Lashes Out at Truman • Gen. MacArthur began to criticize Truman • Felt an invasion of China was necessary • Attack China with nuclear weapons • Truman was against this idea • Truman (President = Commander in Chief) • Fired Gen. Douglas MacArthur on Apr. 1, 1951 • Cease-fire and stalemate (July, 1951) • Demilitarized zone (38° parallel) • Armistice

44. Loyalty Review Board (1947) • Investigate government employees and dismiss those who are found to be disloyal to the U.S. government • 91 “subversive” organizations were found • 212 government employees were dismissed as potential risks • 2,900 resigned, felt investigations violated their Constitutional rights

45. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) • Investigated communist influence in the movie industry • Believed communist propaganda was being spread in films • The Hollywood Ten • 10 witnesses refused to testify, felt it violated Constitutional rights • Sent to prison • Hollywood began to blacklist actors, film directors, etc., for having possible Communist backgrounds

49. Alger Hiss • Communist spy accused Alger Hiss (State Department official) of helping spy for the Soviet Union • Hiss convicted of perjury (lying – denied accusations) sent to prison