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Cushitic Middles: Reflexive, Autobenefactive, and Exclusion Meanings Explained

This text explores the various meanings and uses of Cushitic middles, including reflexive, autobenefactive, and exclusion meanings, highlighting their differences from passives.

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Cushitic Middles: Reflexive, Autobenefactive, and Exclusion Meanings Explained

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  1. Konso middle Maarten Mous

  2. Middle form -ad. saal cover with dungsaal-ad smear something on the face

  3. Form before other derivation kaf-ad be bored kaf-t-ishqull-ad bend down qull-at-isharm-ad weed arm-at-amdeet graze deet-t-amkall-aad live kall-aat-am

  4. Only before other verbal derivation fad-a find!arm-ad-u weed! i fad-e he wanted, found i armadé he weeded i fád-am-é he is wanted i armat-am-t-é it is weeded

  5. Transitive middles dula armad-éfield weed:mid-pfHe weeded the field. kaaja ana kaasad-émoney I ask:mid-pfHe asked me money.

  6. Middles of lexicalised middle i upadé he recognized, found outi upat-ad-é he recognized for himselfi kallaad-é he lived(*) i kallaat-ad-é he lived for himselfi kahad-é he played(*) i kahat-ad-é he played for himself

  7. Autobenefactive meaning i-'aan-ad-ay he tavelled for his own purposei-kod-ad-ay he worked for himselfalal-ad-ay he chewed for himself

  8. Body directed kuta faykiteetaadii qaraa hay-anne dog wounds:his at lick-mid:cont The dog is licking itself.

  9. Body directed dakintayt xooshadu scratch your own body!dakintayt xoosh scratch your body!

  10. No external force pisha i urqén water flowedpisha i urqadeén water found its way by itselfi sukumé he rolledi sukumadé he rolled by himself

  11. Separate reflexive isí-n múr-e I cut myselfself-1 cut-pf isí mur-ad-e he cut himselfself cut-mid-pf isí mur-att-e she cut herselfself cut-mid-f-pf

  12. Separate reciprocal ollí-n mummurr-eeach:other-1 int:cut:1pl-pfwe cut each other isi-n murr-eself-1 cut:1pl-pfwe cut ourselves isi-n mummurr-e self-1int:cut:1pl-pf we cut ourselves in many places

  13. Natural reciprocal • heela takeeka i ad-ad-e-nchildren mankala 3 play-mid-pf-plThe children played the mankala game. • heela ka tupara i kirp-e-nchildren and girls 3 dance-pf-plBoys and girls danced • heela ka tupara i kirp-ad-e-nchildren and girls 3 dance-mid-pf-plBoys and girls danced by themselves.

  14. Exclusion • i-xosal-ad-ay he laughed alonei dam-ad-ay he ate alone, by himself • i-xaax-ad-ay he found difficulty speaking and nobody was listeningi-xaax-ay he found difficulty speaking

  15. Exclusion • i-xosal-ad-ay he laughed alonei dam-ad-ay he ate alone, by himself • i-xaax-ad-ay he found difficulty speaking and nobody was listeningi-xaax-ay he found difficulty speaking

  16. Middle/passive • i dal-att-é3 bear-mid:f-pfShe was born.She bore by herself. • i dal-ad-é * i dal-am-é3 bear-mid:m-pfthe child is delivered.

  17. Middle/passive • lageeta i akk-aad-ay the ram was seen/found (Fasha) • kaheerta i akk-am-é the sheep was seen/found (Karatte) • i-n-akk-ay I sawi-n-akk-ad-ay I found

  18. Middle/passive • i akim-ad-ay3 treat-mid-3m:pfHe was treated medicallyHe treated for himself without the help of somebody • hakmiita-nne akim-am-aydoctor-instr treat-pas-3m:pfHe was treated by a doctor • hakmiita-nne akim-ad-aydoctor-instr treat-mid-3m:pfHe treated someone medically through the help of a doctor.

  19. Middle/passive • (isha) i dek-ad-é He was hidden(isha) i dek-am-é He was hidden (by another person or thing)

  20. Conclusion • The middle differs from the passive in that no causer or agent is implied. It is often used for expressing that an event developed on its own accord. The core meaning of the middle is as that of other (Cushitic) middles, that of body-orientation (actions performed by the body, body-groom, body positions and body movement) including mental acitvities. The most productive meaning of the middle is “for one’s own benefit”. An additional semantic development is the expression of “self to the exclusion of other”.

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