European Prosperity: Middle Ages & Gothic Art

1. UNIT 5 GOTHIC EUROPE CITIES, THE MIDDLE CLASS AND CATHEDRALS

2. IN THIS UNIT YOU WILL… • Learnabouttheeconomicgrowth of Europe in theMiddleAges • Studythegrowth of cities • Analyse Medieval politicalorganisation • Identifythe causes of the crisis of the • 14th century • Describe themaincharactereistics of theGothic Art

3. THE GEOGRAPHIC AND POLITICAL SCENE THE 11TH, 12TH AND 13TH CENTURIES IN EUROPE ARE KNOWN AS THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES IT WAS A TIME OF PROSPERITY AND CHANGE IN EUROPE 1 KINGS ACHIEVED GREAT POWER 2 3 4 AGRICULTURE PROGRESSED CITIES GREW URBAN MIDDLE CLASS STARTED GAINING IN IMPORTANCE

4. A PATCHWORK OF STATES IN THE LATE 11TH CENTURY CHRISTIAN EUROPE STILL LOOKED LIKE A MOSAIC MADE UP OF LITTLE STATES AND KINGDOMS LOCATED BETWEEN THE NORTH, THE BALTIC AND THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA 1 2 4 AT ITS CENTRE WERE FRANCE AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE, THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT STATES. THE NORMANS FROM THE NORTH EXTENDED THEIR DOMINATIONS TO OTHER AREAS OF EUROPE 3 THE MUSLIMSIN THE SOUTH AND EAST DISPUTED THE TERRITORIES IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND IN THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE FURTHER EAST THE SLAVIC PEOPLE ESTABLISHED POWERFUL STATES (KIEV)

5. EUROPEAN TERRITORIES TOWARDS THE END OF THE 11TH CENTURY

6. WARS BETWEEN KINGDOMS THERE WERE MANY WARS BETWEEN KINGDOMS IN THE MIDDLE AGES THE LONGEST WAS THE HUNDRED YEARS´ WAR WHICH ENGLAND AND FRANCE FOUGHT FOR OVER A CENTURY (1337-1453)

7. POLITICAL CHANGES THE MOST IMPORTANT POLITICAL CHANGES IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES WERE THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE KING´S POWER AND THE ORIGINGS OF PARLIAMENT THEY HAD DIFFERENT NAMES ACROSS EUROPE: PARLIAMENT IN ENGLAND, ÉTAT GÉNÉRAUX IN FRANCE, CORTES IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND DIET (KREISTAG) IN THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. ITS MAIN PURPOSE WAS TO PASS NEW LAWS ON TAXATION AND THEY MET WHEN THE KING SUMMONED THEM 1 2 IT WAS CONSOLIDATED THANKS TO THE HELP OF THE CITIES , WHICH GAVE KINGS FINANCIAL SUPPORT. IN EXCHANGE FOR THIS, KINGS GAVE PRIVILEGES TO CITIES, SUCH AS THE RIGTH TO GOVERN THEMSELVES AND THEY ALLOWED THEM TO HAVE TRADE FAIRS PARLIAMENTS WERE POLITICAL ASSEMBLIES FORMED BY REPRESENTATIVES OF THE NOBILITY, THE CLERGY AND THE CITIES (THESE WERE ADDED BY THE KING TO BALANCE ITS POWER). THEY ORIGINALLY CAME FROM THE ROYAL COUNCIL WHICH ADVISED THE KING ON POLITICAL MATTERS ROYAL POWER CONSOLIDATION EMERGENCE OF PARLIAMENTS

8. ECONOMIC RECOVERY THERE WAS A PERIOD OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY IN EUROPE FROM THE 12TH CENTURY 1 2 3 THERE WAS A GROWING DEMAND FOR CRAFT PRODUCTS. TECHNICAL CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY. THREE-YEAR CROP ROTATION AND MOULDBOARD PLOUHG. TRADE INCREASED GREATLY IN THE 12TH CENTURY. AGRICULTURE CRAFT ACTIVITY TRADE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THIS CHANGES, THE POPULATION OF EUROPE ALSO INCREASED CONSIDERABLY (45 MILLION INHABITANTS IN EUROPE IN 1100 TO 75 IN 1300)

9. AGRICULTURE FOR CENTURIES PEASANTS HAD BEEN USING THE SAME FARMING PRACTICES: THE ROMAN PLOUGH PULLED BY OXEN AND THE TWO-FIELD CROP ROTATION SYSTEM DURING THE 11TH CENTURY… TECHNICAL CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY. THREE-YEAR CROP ROTATION (ONLY ONE THIRD REMAINS FALLOW EVERY YEAR).. AND THE INVENTION OF THE MOULDBOARD PLOUGH USUALLY PULLED BY HORSES(HEAVIER AND ALLOWED MORE AIR INTO THE SOIL). THIS MEANT MORE FOOD AVAILABLE TO THE POPULATION. THEY BECAME HEALTHIER EATING REGULARLY

10. CRAFTS THERE WAS A GROWING DEMAND FOR CRAFT PRODUCTS. THESE WERE MADE IN SPECIALISED WORKSHOPS GUILDS THE CRAFTMEN FORMED GUILDS, WHICH WERE ASSOCIATIONS THAT GROUPED TOGETHER ALL THE PEOPLE WHO WORKED IN THE SAME FIELD. THE GUILDS REGULATED PRICES AND WORKING PRACTICES BUT THEY WERE ALSO ASSOCIATIONS FOR MUTUAL ASSISTANCE THERE WERE 3 DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF CRAFTSMAN: MASTERS (THEY OWNED THE WORKSHOP AND THE TOOLS AND RAN THE GUILDS), OFFICERS (THEY WORKED FOR THE MASTER FOR A SALARY) AND APPRENTICES THAT LEARNT THEIR SKILLS IN RETURN FOR FOOD AND ACCOMMODATION

11. TRADE TRADE INCREASED GREATLY IN THE 12TH CENTURY. IT WAS FAVOURED BY THE RAISING DEMAND FOR PRODUCTS CAUSED BY THE INCREASE IN POPULATION, ESPECIALLY IN CITIES THERE WERE TWO TYPES OF TRADE PRODUCTS WERE EXCHANGED BETWEEN THE INHABITANTS OF A CITY AND THE PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN THE SURROUNDING AREA THIS WAS STILL RISKY AND SOMETIMES DANGEROUS SO MERCHANTS ORGANISED THEMSELVES IN ASSOCIATIONS LOCAL COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY LONG-DISTANCE TRADE THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE IN BALTIC

12. TRADE THERE WERE TWO GREAT CENTRES OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY THERE WERE TRADE ROUTES ALL ACROSS THE MEDITERRANEAN FROM SPAIN AND ITALY TO THE MUSLIM AND BYZANTINE PORTS. CITIES LIKE MILAN, VENICE AND GENOA BECAME VERY IMPORTANT TRADE ROUTES LINKED PORTUGAL AND THE CANTABRIAN COAST WITH CITIES LIKE BRUGES, GHENT AND ANTWERP IN NORT-WEST EUROPE. LÜBECK AND HAMBURG, ON THE GERMAN COAST TRADED ACROSS THE BALTIC THE MEDITERRANEAN THE ATLANTIC AND THE BALTIC TRADE FAIRS TRADE FAIRS WERE ATTENDED BY MERCHANTS FROM THE GREAT TRADING CITIES. TO FINANCE THEIR JOURNEYS THE MERCHANTS SOMETIMES GRANTED CREDIT, AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE WERE USED INSTEAD OF MONEY. THESE EARLY TYPES OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITY LATER DEVELOPED INTO BANKING

13. THE GROWTH OF CITIES CITIES BEGAN TO GROW RAPIDLY IN THE 12TH CENTURY, AFTER 8 CENTURIES (SINCE ROMAN TIMES…) WHEN NEARLY ALL OF EUROPE´S INHABITANTS HAD LIVED IN THE COUNTRYSIDE… DUE TO… THE OLD ROMAN TOWNS WERE REVIVED AND NEW TOWNS WERE FOUNDED 1 2 3 THE EXPANSION OF AGRICULTURE MEANT THAT THERE WAS A REGULAR FOOD SUPPLY FOR THE GROWING URBAN POPULATION. TRADE ALSO REVIVED URBAN LIFE AND CREATED A DEMAND FOR THE WORK OF SPECIALISED CRAFTSMEN LIVING IN THE CITIES FEUDAL LORDS DID NOT CONTROL THE CITIES, WHOSE INHABITANTS WERE FREE. MONARCHS GRANTED CITIES CHARTERS AND PRIVILEGES IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE INFLUENCE OF NOBILITY MANY PEASANTS FLED FROM HARSH CONDITIONS IN THE COUNTRYSIDE, AND WENT TO LIVE IN CITIES WHERE THEY WERE FREE FROM FEUDAL OBLIGATIONS ECONOMIC GROWTH URBAN PRIVILEGES RURAL INMIGRATION

14. WHAT WERE CITIES LIKE? MOST OF THE POPULATION OF EUROPE WAS STILL RURAL BUT CITIES BECAME GREAT CENTRES OF ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ACTIVITY CITIES THAT HAD ALREADY EXISTED IN THE LATE ROMAN EMPIRE BECAME IMPORTANT ONCE AGAIN BUT THERE WERE ALSO COMPLETELY NEW SETTLEMENTS WHERE MERCHANTS AND CRAFTSMEN SETTLED IN WELL-PLACED LOCATIONS NEAR PORTS, ROADS AND CASTLES WITH THE TIME THESE SETTLEMENTS GREW INTO CITIES. THEIR LEADING FIGURES WERE KNOWN AS BURGHERS

15. WHAT WERE CITIES LIKE? A MEDIEVAL CITY WAS SURROUNDED BY WALLS FOR ITS PROTECTION. AT THE CITY GATES A TAX WAS CHARGED ON ALL THE PRODUCTS THAT WERE BROUGHT INTO THE CITY TO BE SOLD URBAN LIFE WAS VERY UNHEALTHY BECAUSE THE CITIES DID NOT HAVE SEWERS, AND THEIR STREETS WERE FULL OF MUD AND DIRTY WATER. MOST MEDIEVAL CITIES WERE QUITE SMALL, WITH JUST A FEW THOUNSAND PEOPLE. BUT THERE WERE ALSO SEVERAL VERY LARGE CITIES WITH MORE THAN 100.000 INHABITANTS, SUCH AS MILAN, VENICE AND PARIS. OTHER VERY IMPORTANT CITIES WERE LONDON, BARCELONA AND BRUGES

16. URBAN SOCIETY URBAN SOCIETY WAS VERY DIFFERENT FROM RURAL LIFE. MONARCHS GRANTED CITIES THE RIGTH TO FORM MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS THAT WERE ELECTED BY THE LEADING CITIZENS. THIS WAS THE BEGINNING OF CITY COUNCILS IN SOME REGIONS, LIKE ITALY, CITIES FORMED INDEPENDENT REPUBLICS THAT RULED THE SURROUNDING COUNTRYSIDE. IN OTHER AREAS, INCLUDING ENGLAND AND THE IBERIAN PENINSULA, THE CITIES APPOINTED REPRESENTATIVES FOR ASSEMBLIES THAT ADVISED THE MONARCH A NEW SOCIAL GROUP EMERGED IN THE CITIES, THE BOURGEOSIE, WHICH WAS MADE UP OF THE MERCHANTS AND WEALTHIER CRAFTSMEN. IT WAS A NEW SOCIAL ELITE THAT CONTROLLED MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT THERE WERE ALSO MINORITIES IN THE CITIES. THE JEWS LIVED IN THEIR OWN JEWISH QUARTER. THERE WERE ALSO MUSLIM QUARTERS ON THE IBERIAN PENINSULA

17. RELIGION AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE THERE WAS NO LONGER A UNIFIED POLITICAL POWER IN EUROPE HOWEVER, THE CHURCH, CONTROLLED BY THE POPE IN ROME, BECAME THE DOMINANT POWER IN THE WEST THE CLERGY WAS THE “FIRST STATE” AND AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE MALE AND FEMALE POPULATION BELONGED TO IT WITH THE GROWTH OF CITIES AND TOWNS NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS APPEARED MENDICANT ORDERS THE FRANCISCANS AND THE DOMINICANS STARTED PREACHING IN THE STREETS. IN THEORY THEY LIVED OFF CHARITY, BUT OCCASIONALLY THEY BECAME VERY HEALTHY AND POWERFUL

18. RELIGION: THE PAPACY THE POPE, THE DOMINANT POWER IN THE WEST, HAD TO STRUGGLE WITH CONFLICTS WITH RULERS QUARRELS WITHIN THE CHURCH TO ESTABLISH WHETHER THE POPE HAD AUTHORITY OVER SECULAR RULERS THERE WERE DIVISIONS AS A RESULT OF THE CLAIMS OF RIVAL CANDIDATES TO BE THE POPE MANY OF THESE DISPUTES WERE WITH THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE, WHICH RULED MANY PARTS OF GERMANY AND ITALY. A LONG DISPUTE… THE WESTERN SCHISM THE SEAT OF PAPACY WAS TRANSFERRED TO AVIGNON IN FRANCE (UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE FRENCH MONARCHY). AFTER 1378, THERE WERE RIVAL POPES IN ROME AND AVIGNON INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY THE CONCORDAT OF WORMS (1122) RESOLVED THE CONFLICT: THE CHURCH RETAINED THE RIGHT BUT IN PRESENCE OF THE EMPEROR CENTRED ON WHETHER IT WAS THE POPE OR THE EMPEROR WHO APPOINTED BISHOPS THIS HARMED THE PRESTIGE OF THE PAPACY

19. THE CRUSADES THE CRUSADES WERE MILITARY EXPEDITIONS THAT THE POPE ORGANISED WITH THE HELP OF CHRISTIAN KINGS THE CRUSADERS WORE THE CROSS ON THEIR CLOTHES (WHICH GAVE THEM THEIR NAME) AND WERE FORGIVEN FOR ALL THEIR SINS BY THE POPE THEIR PURPOSE WAS TO TAKE BACK JERUSALEM AND THE HOLY LAND FROM THE MUSLIMS AND TO STOP THEIR EXPANSION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN FROM 1095 TO 1270 THERE WERE A TOTAL OF 8 CRUSADES WITH VARYING RESULTS 1 HOSPITALLERS THE SECURITY AND DEFENCE OF THE TERRITORIES CAPTURED IN THE HOLY LAND WERE CONTROLLED BY MILITARY ORDERS AND RELIGIOUS ORGANISATIONS THAT WERE TIPICALLY FORMED BY KNIGHTS THEY HELPED THE PILGRIMS AND CARED FOR THE SIICK THEIR MEMBERS HAD TO TAKE WOWS OF OBEDIENCE, POVERTY AND CHASTITY 2 THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR WHO PROTECTED THE PILGRIMS 3 THE ORDER OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE WHO GUARDED THE TOMB OF JESUS CHRIST AGAINST THE UNFAITHFUL

20. CULTURE AND UNIVERSITIES THE EMERGENCE OF STRONGER MONARCHIES AND THE GROWTH OF CITIES HAD GREAT INFLUENCE ON EUROPEAN CULTURE PREVIOUSLY, THERE HAD BEEN LITTLE LEARNING OUTSIDE THE MONASTERIES, BUT IN THE CENTURIES 11TH AND 12TH NEW CATHEDRAL SCHOOLS WERE CREATED IN CITIES LIKE PARIS OR CHARTRES. THESE SCHOOLS TRAINED MEMBERS OF THE CLERGY AND FUTURE ROYAL OFFICIALS THE FIRST UNIVERSITIES WERE CREATED IN THE 13TH CENTURY UNDER ROYAL, ARISTROCRATIC OR RELIGIOUS PATRONAGE PARIS, SALAMANCA, BOLOGNA, OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE STUDENTS STUDIED A RANGE OF SUBJECTS SUCH AS THEOLOGY, LAW AND MEDICINE THE METHOD, CALLED THE SCHOLASTIC METHOD, WAS A COMBINATION OF LECTURES, DISPUTATIONS AND EXAMINATIONS AND ALL ºTAUGHT IN LATIN

21. THE LATE MIDDLE AGES THE CRISIS OF THE 14TH CENTURY AND THE 15TH CENTURY RECOVERY

22. THE CRISIS OF THE 14TH CENTURY DURING THE 14TH CENTURY THREE CATASTROPHES AFFECTED EUROPE: WAR, FAMINE AND THE BLACK DEATH WARS BLACK DEATH FAMINE THEY WERE CONTINOUS IN THIS PERIOD, THE MOST DEVASTATING WAS, THE ALREADY STUDIED, THE HUNDRED YEARS´ WAR. IN OTHER COUNTRIES FEUDAL LORDS FOUGHT AGAINST EACH OTHER AND AGAINST THEIR KINGS IN WARS THAT DESTROYED HARVESTS AND FIELDS THE BLACK DEATH, MOST PROBABLY AN EPIDEMIC OF BUBONIC PLAGUE, CAUSED THE DEATH OF ONE THIRD OF THE POPULATION IN EUROPE BETWEEN 1348 AND 1352. IT CAME FROM ASIA AND SPREAD ALONG THE TRADE ROUTES, SO IT AFFECTED THE CITIES MOST IT WAS ALSO CAUSED BY A LACK OF FOOD BECAUSE A CHANGE IN THE CLIMATE BROUGHT HARSHER WINTERS AND REDUCED THE HARVESTS. MALNUTRITION DEBILITATED THE POPULATION, WHICH HAD WEAKER DEFENCENCS AGAINST ILLNESSES COMPARED TO PEOPLE TODAY

23. THE SPREAD OF BLACK DEATH

24. THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRISIS THE CRISIS AFFECTED POPULATION SOCIETY ECONOMY THE POPULATION DROPPED FROM 80 TO 45 MILLION BETWEEN 1300 AND 1400 THE CRISIS PRODUCED VARIOUS SOCIAL CONFLICTS: THE ECONOMY SUFFERED A RECESSION SINCE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION FELL AND THERE WAS LESS DEMAND FOR MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS. TRADING PROFITS WERE ALSO MUCH LOWER THERE WERE FREQUENT PEASANT REBELLIONS AGAINST THE LANDOWNERS, WHO TRIED TO COMPENSATE FOR THEIR LOSSES BY PUTTING PRESSURE ON THEIR TENANTS IN THE COUNTRYSIDE HERE THE POPULATION ATTACKED THE WEALTHIER CLASSES, AND SOMETIMES DESTROYED JEWISH DISTRICTS BLAMING THE JEWS FOR ALL THE CATASTROPHES IN THE CITIES

25. THE 15TH RECOVERY DURING THE 15TH CENTURY THERE WAS A STEADY RECOVERY KINGS CONTROLLED THE FEUDAL LORDS THE POPULATION STARTED GROWING AGAIN AGRICULTURE AND CRAFTSMANSHIP RECOVERED DUE TO GREATER DEMAND AND TRADING IMPROVED, WHILE THE SEARCH FOR NEW TRADE ROUTES BEGAN, LEADING TO GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES PROSPERITY ALSO BROUGHT A NEW MENTALITY AND NEW DISCOVERIES THAT LED TO THE EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE

26. CRISIS OF THE 14TH CENTURY

27. CRISIS OF THE 14TH CENTURY • WHAT IS A CRISIS? • MULTIPLE CAUSES • SHORT AND LONG TERM CAUSES • IMPACT ON HUMANS • CHARACTERISTICS OF A CRISIS TODAY

28. COMMON MEDICINAL PRACTICES EASTERN AND WESTERN RELATIONS LACK OF SANITATION FLEAS TRADE CLEANLINESS LACK OF IMMUNIZATION LITTLE ICE AGE BLACK DEATH DECREASE IN AGRICULTURE REGAIN LAND CHIVALRY ECONOMY BASED IN AGRICULTURE 100 YEARS WAR FAMINE WOOL TRADE POPULATION DECREASE HEREDITARY SUCESSION DECREASE IN AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION ECONOMIC RECESSION DECREASE IN TRADE MALNUTRITION DIVERTING ATTENTION FROM INTERNAL PROBLEMS SOCIAL CONFLICTS JEWISH PERSECUTION PEASANTS REVOLTS LACK OF DIVERSITY IN FOODS POLITICAL CHANGES CIVIL WARS

29. BLACK DEATH 100 YEARS WAR FAMINE

30. ANY QUESTIONS?

31. BLACK DEATH 100 YEARS WAR FAMINE