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A Classification-based Glioma Diffusion Model Using MRI Data

This study explores tumor growth patterns to enhance treatment planning by determining initial tumor characteristics and predicting growth after six months. The research introduces the Incremental Growth Model and three models (UG, GW, CDM) for tumor growth simulation. The Classification-Based Diffusion Model (CDM) leverages patient features, tumor properties, and voxel characteristics to predict tumor growth. The CDM classifier uses various learning parameters, such as Naïve Bayes and Logistic Regression. Experimental procedures involve training data on voxel volume differences from MRI scans of 17 patients. Evaluation measures include Precision and Recall for tumor and non-tumor voxels, with performance analysis based on predicted and true tumor volumes. The diffusion modeling process aims to accurately predict tumor growth volumes from initial to subsequent MRI scans.

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A Classification-based Glioma Diffusion Model Using MRI Data

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  1. A Classification-based Glioma Diffusion Model Using MRI Data Marianne Morris1,2 Russ Greiner1,2, Jörg Sander2, Albert Murtha3, Mark Schmidt1,2 1Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Machine Learning 2 University of Alberta 3 Cross Cancer Institute, Alberta Cancer Board

  2. Predict Tumour Growth Why? • Study tumour growth patterns • Improve treatment planning initial tumour tumour 6 months later

  3. Outline • Introduction • Incremental Growth Modeling • Features • Models (UG, GW, CDM) • Experiments

  4. Incremental Growth Model • Iteratively assign each voxel around the active tumour border totumour vsnon-tumour • Stops at termination condition • Reaching a specified size of tumour • … there’s no more voxels to add • Several Approaches

  5. Incremental Growth Model Tumor

  6. Incremental Growth Model Neighbours Tumor

  7. Incremental Growth Model Tumor

  8. Incremental Growth Model Neighbours Tumor

  9. Incremental Growth Model Tumor

  10. Incremental Growth Model Tumor

  11. Which New Voxels to Add • UG: Uniform Growth • GW: Growth based on tissue types • CDM: Classification-based diffusion

  12. Tumour growth modeling – uniform diffusion (UG) • Radial uniform growth (in all directions alike) Original tumour Final tumour volume

  13. Tumour growth modeling – White vs. Grey matter (GW) • A 5:1 ratio for diffusion in white matter vs. grey matter (Sawnson et al., 2000) White matter Grey matter Original tumour Final tumour volume

  14. Am I a tumour? Tumour growth modeling • Uniform growth: • Yes! • GW model: • If White matter: Yes! • If Grey matter: 20% • CDM model: • “Learn” tumour growth pattern voxel Active tumour border

  15. Classification-Based Diffusion Model (CDM) • Preprocessing • Noise reduction • Spatial registration • Intensity Standardization • Tissue segmentation • Tumour segmentation • Feature extraction • Classification • Tumour growth modeling

  16. tumour voxel patient Features • Patient features • Tumour properties • Voxel features • Features of neighbouring voxels A total of 75 features

  17. Features: Patient • Age • Correlation between age and glioma grade(more aggressive tumours occur in older patients; benign tumours in children) patient

  18. Features: Tumour • Area-volume ratio • Volume increase between 2 scans • Percentage of edema

  19. Features: Voxel tumour voxel • Min Distance from tumour border • Tissue type derived from template • Tissue type derived from patient’s image • Image intensities (T1, T1-contrast, T2) • Template intensity • Edema region • Coordinates & Tissue Map • Distance-Area ratio edema tumour voxel tumour

  20. Features: Neighbourhood y z 2 1 6 0 3 x 4 5 • For each of 6 neighbours* • Edema • Image intensities • Tissue type derived from template • Tissue type derived from patient’s image • A neighbourhood in 3D is the 6 voxels immediately adjacent to some voxel v (not including diagonal ones) 6 neighbours

  21. Classification-Based Diffusion Model (CDM) • Preprocessing • Noise reduction • Spatial registration • Intensity Standardization • Tissue segmentation • Tumour segmentation • Feature extraction • Classification • Tumour growth modeling

  22. tumour voxel v patient CDM Classifier • Voxel v becomes tumour given… qv = PΘ(class (v) = tumour | epatient,etumour,ev) Features of the patient epatient the tumour etumour the voxel and its neighbours ev

  23. Learning Parameters (Classifier) • How to learn Θ ? • Naïve Bayes • Logistic Regression • Linear-kernel SVM • Trained on other brain images

  24. Outline • Introduction • Incremental Growth Modeling • Experiments • Evaluation Measure • Model Comparison • Best Case • Average Case • Special Cases • Average P/R

  25. Experimental Procedure • Training data • Sample of voxels in volume-difference between two scans including 2-voxel border around the volume at the 2nd time scan • Volume-pairs for 17 patients • Total of ½ million voxels • We evaluate voxels encountered in diffusion process • Cross-validation (17 patients) Original tumour Additional tumour growth

  26. Tumour growth modeling – CDM (wrt Neighbours) • Voxel v becomes tumour based on… • Features: epatient,etumour,ev • Compute: qv = PΘ(class (v) = tumour | epatient,etumour,ev) • Neighbours of voxel v • If k tumour-voxel neighbours,probability that voxel vbecomes tumour pv = 1 – (1 – qv)k • Decision • Declare voxel v is tumour if pv0.65 v6,v7 : k = 0 v1,v2,v5 : k = 1 v3,v4 : k = 2

  27. System Performance True positives False positives False negatives Left to right: Slices from lower to upper brain Time 1 scan Time 2 scan CDM prediction

  28. Predicted pt Correct nt Evaluation • Precision, Recall • for tumour, non-tumour voxels nt = truth & pt = prediction ; Precision = Recall

  29. Diffusion Modeling Process • We grow tumour from initial volume at 1st time scan to size of tumour volume at 2nd time scan • Precision = Recall because predicted volumetruth volume  Tumour volume at 2nd time scan Tumour at 1st time scan

  30. Results – Model Comparison

  31. Results (Best case) GBM_7: CDM beats UG by 20% and GW by 12% Grew tumour along edema regions but… didn’t predict other wing of butterfly True positives False positives False negatives

  32. Results (Average case) GBM_1: CDM beats UG by 6% and GW by 8% Need a more accurate brain atlas True positives False positives False negatives

  33. Results (Special case) GBM_10: CDM beats UG by 8% and GW by 2% Resection & Recurrence True positives False positives False negatives

  34. Results CDM performs significantly better than UG and GW! • T-test: the probability that the means are not significantly different • Paired data (same data sample; different models) • CDM vs UG: p = 0.001 • CDM vs GW: p = 0.001 • (UG vs GW: p = 0.034) X is the mean Var: the variance n: the number of samples

  35. Future work • More expressive features • Spectroscopy, DTI, genetic data • Larger dataset (treatment effect) • Brain atlas (“highways” vs. “barriers”)

  36. Conclusion • Challenge: Predicting how brain tumours will grow • Answer: Learned model CDM performs significantly better than other existing models! • … can improve with additional data

  37. Acknowledgements • The University of Alberta;Dept of Computing Science • The Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Machine Learning • Cross Cancer InstituteAlberta Cancer Board • Brain Tumor Growth Prediction team

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