Overview & Applications Power Meters

1. Overview & Applications Power Meters Ben Kemink

2. Agenda • Watt is power? • Why do we measure power? • Overview of power meters • Applications and markets

3. Watt is Power?

4. Watt is power? Apparent power (a calculated value) Apparent power is the total electrical energy available from the connection point, to do work. Ps = Papparent = P available Formula: Ps = Urms x Irms [VA]

5. Watt is power? Average power, Pavg (a calculated value) Also called “True power”, “Active Power”, “Effective Power” or “Converted Electrical Power” The Average Power is the calculated average of the instantaneous transmitted electrical energy. This is the part we have to pay for and the accumulated value over time can be read out from the Kilowatt hour meter (Kwh-meter). Formula: Pavg = Urms x Irms x Cos φ [W]

6. Watt is power? Cos φ (a calculated value) Cos φ, is an indication for the efficiency of energy conversion from electrical energy into any other kind of energy (Heat, Motion, etc.) Φ, is the phase difference between voltage and current. The smaller the phase angle (φ = ideal 0), the better Cos φ = 1, the higher the power conversion efficiency.

7. Watt is power? Reactive power (a calculated value) Reactive power is that part of the energy made available at the destination, not used (converted) by the end users application. This energy is continuously transported back and forward through the power cables. Due to the resistance of these transportation cables some of this reactive power is lost (converted into heat). This is at the cost of the generator power station. Formula : Pq = Urms x Irms x sin φ [var]

8. Watt is power? Apparent Power Available Average Power Used Reactive Power Not Used

9. Apparent power S = Ps = U x I [VA] Reactive power Q = Pq = U x I x sin φ [var] φ Active power P = Pavg = U x I x cos φ [W] Watt is power? The “Power Triangle” Ps = Pq + Pavg These are all calculated average values!

10. Why do we measure power?

11. Why do we measure power? Electrical Power Plants are designed and built to generate electrical power. After completion this needs to be verified for an acceptance test. If energy is traded between an Electrical Power Plant and Industrial Company, the amount of energy needs to be measured correctly at both ends. A power standard and reference is required. Power supplies of daily used instruments are designed and built as small as possible and as light-weight as possible. Still they need to work correctly even under the most severe circumstances. This needs to be verified.

12. Why do we measure power? In the past mechanical power was driven by horses, wind, steam and explosion engines. Today the majority of mechanical power is generated by an electric motor. Steam engine The electrical specifications of this motor must be measured, in order to verify if its electrical power is sufficient to do the required mechanical job. Every household has a so called kWh-meter or energy meter to measure the used electrical power over time. Every kWh has to be paid for, so you better measure it correctly!

13. Why do we measure power? Under pressure of environmental control legislation, manufacturers of electrical equipment are forced to minimize power consumption. If two washing machines perform an evenly good job in washing, the one using less energy is favorite. It will rank higher in the list of preferred products made by the Consumer Test Associations. Power transformers delivered to Power Stations are locally verified before installation.

14. Energy Saving : Electric Power Power : Power equipment (motor, pump, fan, machine tool) Electromagnet (solenoid) Heat : Heating (heater, furnace) Light : Illumination Others: General purpose electrical machinery, Electric and electronic equipment, etc. Effective power + Power loss

15. Overview of Power Meters

16. History models Most important power meters in the past were: • 1990-1996 2531 digital power meter • 1990-1997 2533 digital display power meter • 1995-2000 WT110 / WT130 digital power meters • 2000-2002 WT200 digital power meter (successor of WT110) • 1996-2001 WT1000 digital power meter (successor of 2533) • 1997-2002 WT2000 digital power meter (successor of 2531)

17. CW100 & CW200 hand-held power meter series CW100 & CW200 series • Light weight, small sized battery powered electric energy and power meter for field applications • Wiring check • High speed field data logging. Up to 1 per second • Efficiency measuring two 3-phase loads at the same time Bandwidth: 45 – 65 Hz Sample Speed: 8.3 kS/s ADC: 16 bits Power accuracy: 0.6 %

18. WT210 / WT230 digital power meters WT210 (1-phase) & WT230 (2-3 phase) series • One compact instrument to measure voltage, current, phase angle, power factor, harmonics etc. • The most used power meter in production facilities • Extremely good price/performance ratio • Down to a 5mA range (WT210) to measure standby/sleep mode power with 25µA resolution. • Go-NoGo test output for quality control Bandwidth: 0.5 Hz-100 kHz Sample speed: 51 kS/s ADC: 16 bits Power accuracy: 0.1%

19. WT1600S digital power meter WT1600S • The WT1600S offers electrical pump and motor tester a free selection of input elements and a wide choice of measurement ranges for a higher accuracy. • Highest accuracy for electrical energy measurements by offering a continue sample speed of 200kS/s. • Mechanical torque and rotation speed input for efficiency measurements. Bandwidth: 0.5 Hz-300 kHz Sample speed: 200 kS/s ADC: 16 bits Power accuracy: 0.1 %

20. WT1600 digital power meter WT1600 • With 6 elements the WT1600 allows efficiency measurements of 3-phase-4 wire input/output systems. • Standard Master-Slave function allows synchronize operation of four WT1600 power meters or 24 power elements. • Wide input frequency range DC, 0.5-1MHz. • Trend display • Up to the 100th higher harmonic Bandwidth: 0.5 Hz-1 MHz Sample speed: 200 kS/s ADC: 16 bits Power accuracy: 0.1 %

21. WT3000 digital power analyzer WT3000 • Worlds most stable and most accurate power analyzer. • The WT3000 supports the 50/60 Hz (10/12 cycles) of inter-harmonic measurement required by IEC61000-4-7 edition 2. Is able to measure on IEC compliant harmonic measurements and Voltage Fluctuation & Flicker measurements. • 4 input modules. • 8.4 inch LCD screen. • USB & Ethernet interface. Bandwidth: 0.1 Hz-1 MHz Sample speed: 200 kS/s ADC: 16 bits Power accuracy: 0.02 %

22. PZ4000 power analyzer PZ4000 By combining a high precision power measurement and long memory oscilloscope technologies, Yokogawa created the instrument suitable for measuring and analyzing the power in varying loads and in the faster transients, like robotics and soft starters. • DSO type of triggering and cursor measurements. • Harmonic analysis up to the 500th order. • 4 input elements (modular). • Torque and speed inputs. Bandwidth: 2 MHz Sample speed: 5 MS/s ADC: 12 bits Power accuracy: 0.1 %

23. Markets

24. Markets • Lighting • Pumps • Inverters • Transformers • Hybrid • Fuel Cell • Wind energy • Solar • UPS • Power supplies

25. Markets • Lighting Characterize the lamp (R&D): Excellent PZ4000 application Production: WT3000 / WT1600(S) Energy measurements (consumption): WT210 / WT230 Customers:

26. Markets • Pumps Characterize the pump (start-up behavior): PZ4000 application Testing: WT3000 / WT1600 / WT230 Customers:

27. Markets • Inverters Research &Developments : PZ4000 Testing : WT3000/WT1600 Production : WT230 Customers:

28. Markets • Transformers Excellent WT3000 application! Customers:

29. Markets • Hybrid Cars Perfect WT1600 application! Customers: Most car manufactures!

30. Markets • Fuel cell A WT1600FC application Customers:

31. Markets • Wind energy Research & Development : WT3000 PZ4000 Testing : WT1600 Customers:

32. Markets • Solar Research & Development : PZ4000 Testing : WT1600 / WT230 Customers:

33. Markets • Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) Research & Development : PZ4000 Testing & production : WT1600

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