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VISUAL APPARATUS

VISUAL APPARATUS. EYEBALL - bulbus oculi ACCESSORY VISUAL STRUCTURES - organa oculi accessoria. Eyeball (AP diameter 24 - 26 mm). MRL. Layers:. 1. tunica fibrosa 2. t. vasculosa 3. t. interna. polus ant. fovea centralis.

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VISUAL APPARATUS

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  1. VISUAL APPARATUS EYEBALL - bulbus oculi ACCESSORY VISUAL STRUCTURES - organa oculi accessoria

  2. Eyeball(AP diameter 24 - 26 mm) MRL Layers: 1. tunica fibrosa 2. t. vasculosa 3. t. interna polus ant. fovea centralis linea visus (visual axis) polus post. seen object axis bulbi ext. n. opticus MRM

  3. ■fibrous skeleton of the eyeball ■attachment of muscles 1. tunica fibrosa Sclera - post. 5/6 ■ limbus sclerae ■ sulcus sclerae ■ sinus ven. sclerae ■l. cribrosa sclerae Cornea - ant. 1/6 ■limbus corneae ■facies ant. et post.

  4. 2. tunica vasculosa Choroid (2/3) supplies the retina pigmented – light-absorbing vascular Corpus ciliare attachment for the lens  controls thickness of the lens secretion of aqueous humor Iris  contractile diaphragm with a central aperture – pupil ■facies ant. et post. ■ sphincter, dilator Processus ciliares

  5. M. ciliarisAccommodation of the lens increased convexity of the lens – refraction suitable for near vision Innervation: E-W ncl. CN III

  6. M. sphincter pupillaeMiosis M. dilatator pupillaeMydriasis E-W ncl. CN III Symp.ncl.

  7. 3. tunica interna ■ pars optica (rods, cones) Retina ora serrata ■ pars caeca: p. iridica p. ciliaris

  8. Layers of the retina N. opticus str. ganglionare n. optici str. ganglionare retinae str. neuroepitheliale str. pigmentosum

  9. Photoreceptors: • Rods • 120 million • primary source of visual information at night • used in peripheral vision • Cones • 7 million • detection of color • central fovea – responsible for central vision

  10. Ophthalmoscopy Fundus - OCULA DEXTRA (OD) Discus (papilla) n. optici Macula lutea + fovea centralis- the area of most acute vision

  11. A. et v. centralis retinae 1a,b a. et v. temporales 2a,b a. et v. nasales 1b 2b 1a 2a

  12. Chambers - camera bulbi ant. et post. Aqueous humor - humor aquosus Sinus venosus sclerae (canal of Schlemm) A P Fibrae zonulares

  13. Lens facies ant. facies post. Optical power + 10 - 17 dioptries axis 4 mm polus ant. polus post. ■ capsula lentis ■cortex lentis ■nucleus lentis aequator

  14. PRESBYOPIA

  15. Cataracts loss of transparency cloudiness ageing process

  16. Vitreous chamber: vitreous humor, vitreous body jelly-like substance with watery fluid  holds the retina in place supports the lens

  17. Extraocular muscles Non-striated ■ m. orbitalis (symp.) Palsy =Enophtalmus ■mm. tarsales (symp.) =Ptosis Striated ■m. rectus bulbi sup., inf., med., lat. ■m. obliguus sup., inf. ■m. levator palp. sup.

  18. Anulus tendineus communis

  19. m. rectus sup. (n. III.) m. obliguus sup. (n. IV.) L M m. rectus med. (n. III.) m. rectus lat. (n. VI.) m. obliguus inf. (n. III.) m. rectus inf. (n. III.)

  20. Eyelids - palpebrae Conjunctiva ■palpebra sup. et inf. ■commisurae palpebr. ■rima palpebrarum ■angulus oculi med. et lat. ■facies ant. et post.

  21. 1 2 3 3 2 1 Structure of the eyelid 1septum orbitale 2tarsus sup. et inf. 3 lig. palp. med. et lat.

  22. ■ skin ■m. orbicularis oculi ■septum orbitale + tarsi ■conjunctiva gll. tarsales f. ant. f. post. cilia gll. ciliares gll. sebaceae limbus palpebr. ant. limbus palpebr. post. Rivus lacrimalis

  23. Gll. tarsales

  24. Chalazion (tarsal chalazion) Hordeolum (sty)

  25. Tunica conjunctiva ■tun. conj. palpebrarum ■tun. conj. bulbi

  26. Fornix conjunctivae sup. et inf.

  27. Apparatus lacrimalis Glandula lacrimalis > ductuli excretorii >lacus lacrimalis ■papillae lacrimales ■puncta lacrimalia ■canaliculi lacrimales ■saccus lacrimalis ■ductus nasolacrimalis

  28. 1 2 3 3 2 1 Pars orbitalis Pars palpebralis

  29. Angulus medialis: ■ lacus lacrimalis■caruncula lacrimalis ■plica semilun. conjunctivae

  30. Blood supply A. opthalmica V ophtalmica sup. V. ophtalmica inf. aa. ciliares ant. aa. conjunctiv. v. vorticosa aa. episclerales aa. ciliares post. breves et longae a. centralis retinae

  31. myopia - shortsightedness

  32. hyperopia - hypermetropia - longsightedness

  33. Illustrations and photographs were copied from: Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta. Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993 Netter: Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. Windows Version 2.0

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