The History of the Early Engineering Disciplines

1. The History of the Early Engineering Disciplines

2. The History of Civil Engineering

3. Boundaries and Surveys • Need for boundaries and surveys precipitated civil engineering as we know • Surveyors • Noted and marked foundations of monuments • Dividing land into parcels • Egyptians used surveying to predict Nile River flood waters • Romans learned from Egyptians and Greeks the importance of surveying • Aqueducts and roads designed from surveying methods

4. Arabic people & the astrolabe • Astrolabe - Fixed surveying method linked to the stars • Arabic people developed proficiency with the astrolabe after the fall of the Roman Empire • Arabic culture also responsible for: • Development of Trigonometry • Practice of triangulation to achieve accuracy

5. Recognition • Civil engineering named to distinguish between military and other engineers • Europe and U.S. recognized those who completed large-scale projects as “civil engineers” (18th Century) • 1782 - John Smeaton of England molded himself as a Civil Engineer • 1793 - Society of Civil Engineers created in England • 1818 - Named changed to Institution of Civil Engineers

6. United States Societies of Civil Engineering • Franklin Institute in Philadelphia (1824) • Informal society of engineers • American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) • Formed November 5, 1852 • Present and active today Annual meeting, ASCE Deer Park Hotel, Deer Park, MD, 1885 www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/SciRefGuides/ engineersociety.html

7. Bridges Manhattan Bridge - New York, NY http://www.pierluigisurace.it/imagerie/aatw0058.htm

8. Three Classes of Bridges Arched Bridge • Beam Bridge • Suspension Bridge • Arched Bridge Beam Bridge http://www.walkingbritain.co.uk/walks/walks1/w001d.shtml Suspension Bridge http://education.sdsc.edu/enrich/brid.html http://www.photo.net/photo/pcd3448/golden-gate-bridge-94

9. History of Bridges • 2000 B.C. • Wooden timber beams built on stone pillars • Spanned over the Euphrates River • Commissioned by Queen Semiramis for Babylon, suggesting practice was common • 300 B.C. • Golden Era Roman stone-arch bridges • 250 B.C. saw Greek “invention” of wood truss • 610 A.D. • Zhaozhou (Ali) Bridge constructed • World’s oldest known open-spandrel stone-arch bridge

10. Frankford Avenue Bridge • Spans Pennypack Creek in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Constructed in 1697 • First known stone arch bridge in U.S. • Still being used today Frankford Avenue Bridge Philadelphia, PA http://www.asce-philly.org/achievements05.asp

11. Sewall’s Bridge • First known pile supported highway bridge • Built over the York River in York, Maine • Piles driven into river bottom by dropping oak logs while standing them in place • Replaced in 1934 Sewall’s Bridge York, Maine http://www.maine.gov/mdot-stage/ covered-bridges/sewalls.php

12. Iron Bridge • World’s first all-metal bridge built of cast iron • Designed by Abraham Darby III • Spans Severn River near Coalbrookdale, England • Main span - 30.5 m • Total length - 60 m • Weight - 378.5 tons Iron Bridge Coalbrookdale, England http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Iron_Bridge_at_Coalbrookdale.html

13. Jacob’s Creek Bridge • World’s first modern suspension bridge • Located on the road between Uniontown, Pennsylvania and Greensburg, Pennsylvania • Designed and built by James Finley for $600 in 1801 • Bridge demolished 1833, five years after Finley had passed away in Uniontown

14. Dams Hoover Dam http://www.intermind.net/im/boulder.html

15. Factors to take into account • Strong enough to resist reservoir water backed behind dam • Impervious to water • Resists leaks and erosion • Water cannot find way into dam • Accommodates overflow Failure of Teton Dam Rexburg, Idaho $1 billion in damages http://web.umr.edu/~rogersda/dams/

16. Roads Route 66 - Arizona http://www.bekkoame.ne.jp/~toisa/wp/wp.html

17. Evolution of Roads • Markings used to designate paths to desired destinations • Invention of wheel brought on roadways • Evolved from dirt roads into paved surfaces with drainage systems to divert water off of them

18. Paved Roads History • 3000 B.C. - the Herappa and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations in the Indus valley developed paved roads with drainage systems underneath pavement • 2500 B.C. - Lake Moeris Quarry Road • World’s oldest paved road • Was eight miles long (only 4 miles remain)

19. Those Romans… Roman road cut into Italian Mountain • 312 B.C. - Road from Rome to Capula • 130 miles • 144 B.C. - First high-level aqueduct • Hydraulic cement introduced in design • Over 372 roads constructed with a combined distance of 53,000 miles • Roadways suffered with retreat from Britain http://www.unc.edu/courses/rometech/public/content/transport/Adam_Pawluk/Contruction_and_Makeup_of_.htm

20. Roads considered a value?? • 600 years after Britain invasion retreat, Norman invasion showed roads are considerable value • The church maintained roadways and constructed inns and places of rest • Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries with his self-appointed Supreme Head of Church of England in 1534

21. El Camino Real Marker on El Camino Real • 1500’s Spaniards and Colonials developed first inland transportation route into U.S. • Original use for political and military use only • Beginning of interstate highway system http://www.rootsweb.com/~txrober2/GhostlyHauntsCollection.htm

22. Tunnels Channel Tunnel Boring Machine http://www.lemleyandassociates.com/

23. History of Tunnels • 600 B.C. - Samos Aqueduct Tunnel • Water supply routed through a hill on Greek island • Persian and Armenian tunnels in Iran brought water to towns in the 8th century • By 17th century, tunnels widely used to route canals through hills rather than around

24. Tunnel History cont. Marc Isambard Brunel (1769 - 1849) • Marc Isambard Brunel developed a shield for boring under the Thames River in 1820 • Dual tunnels run 1200 yards • Completed in 1841 • First time tunnel cut under a body of water http://web.ukonline.co.uk/b.gardner/brunel/marcbrun.html

25. Alfred Nobel’s Dynamite • Most significant advancement in tunneling • Alfred Nobel born in 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden to a family of engineers • Father sent him abroad to learn about chemical engineering to expand horizons • Alfred returned and concentrated on nitroglycerine as explosive • Brother and several others killed in an explosion

26. Alfred Nobel cont. Alfred Nobel • Nitroglycerine banned from Stockholm city limits • 1864 found way to handle explosive safe • Nobel built labs and companies in more than 20 countries • Holds more than 350 patents • Immense fortune amassed • Nobel Prize founder in will http://www.britannica.com/nobel/alfrednobel.html

27. Water Supply and Control Panama Canal under maintenance http://www.photoatlas.com/pics02/pictures_of_panama_73.html

28. Definitions • Dams - barriers constructed across a waterway to control the flow or raise the level of water • Aqueducts - pipes or channels designed to transport water from a remote source • Usually takes advantage of gravity • Bridge-like structures support a conduit or canal passing over a river or low ground • Canals - artificial waterways or artificially improved rivers used for travel, shipping, or irrigation

29. The History of Industrial Engineers

30. Industrial Engineering • International commerce increases brought about an increase of competition amongst suppliers • Main role is to combine workers, machines, and materials in order to increase productivity and reduce waste • Philosophy traced back to tribal cultures • Created more efficient tools and made best of everyone’s specific skills

31. First Mechanically-Assisted Cutting Device • Rocking drill that was cord driven • Assistant needed to manipulate cord in order to give alternating rotary movement • Earliest illustration of lathe found in Egyptian tomb of Petosiris

32. Pole Lathe • Developed in 12th century • Size and complexity of work to be done increased, bringing the invention about • Designed with heavier wooden construction to be more rigid and powerful than previous designs • Continuous drive machine with a large wheel cranked by an assistant created to turn metal

33. Pole Lathe Examples • 1500 - Leonardo da Vinci’s treadle and crankshaft • Spaichel’s development in 1561 using human power • Alternate power supplies developed • Horse gins • Water wheels • Steam engines • Electric motors Great Wheel Lathe http://www.turners.org/Articles/lathehistory.html

34. 1700 - mid 1800s Machines • John Wilkinson’s cylinder boring mill of 1776 • Father of the industrial revolution • Henry Maudslay’s workshops • Produced machine tools, lathes, and special purpose machines • Trained other great engineers

35. 1700 - mid 1800s Machines • Richard Roberts planing lathe and large lathe with a back gear that allowed for spindle speed changes (1817) • Automatic spinning mule and differential gear from 1825

36. History of Mechanical Engineering

37. Brief Overview • Coke replacing charcoal in England in early 1700s brought upon the beginning of modern mechanical engineering • Industrial Revolution began due to advancements in producing wrought iron • Machines developed to make use of mass produced steel • Mechanical Engineering recognized as profession in England in 1847 and U.S. after 1850

38. Boats The New Orleans arriving at namesake (1812) http://www.tulsaweb.com/port/history2.htm

39. Steam Engines Watt’s Engine • James Watt developed new model steam engine in 1778 • Engine cooled steam in a condenser separate from the main cylinder • Spurred the application of steam to water, land, and air http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878/Chapter3.html

40. Steam Powered Ships • Easiest to implement the steam engines • Robert Fulton developed combination of Watt Steam engine to improved hull design • Clermont steamboat financial success from first Hudson river run in 1807 1907 Clermont replica http://www.ulster.net/~hrmm/quad/1909hudsonfulton/chapter08.html

41. Trains http://www.watercressline.co.uk/

42. First to use steam on land • Weight and size of boilers overcome by use of high pressure boilers and iron rails • Initial designs used in mines and ironworks • First steam-powered locomotive ran in South Wales in 1804 • First passenger train built from Stockton to Darlington opened in 1825

43. 1829 Competition • Rail line between Liverpool and Manchester • Each locomotive must consume own smoke, haul a load equal to 3 times its own weight and travel at an average speed of not less than 10 mph

44. “The Perseverance” • Timothy Burstall design • Vertical boiler with furnace beside it • Fuel fed to fire by hopper on top • Attained maximum speed of 6 mph The Perseverance, The Mechanics Magazine (1829) http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RArainhill.htm

45. “Sans Pareil” Sans Pareil • Design and built by Timothy Hackworth • Two-cylinder engine • Ran for 27 miles • Average speed of 14 mph • Maximum speed of 17 mph • 14.3 tons hauled • Boiler feed pump failed often http://hex.oucs.ox.ac.uk/~rejs/photos/A40/York/nrm/

46. “Rocket” • George Stephenson design and built • Traveled 70 miles • Avg. speed - 15 mph • Max. speed - 29 mph • Set bar for all future locomotive designs • Won $500 prize for competition 1979 Rocket replica http://hex.oucs.ox.ac.uk/~rejs/photos/A40/York/nrm/

47. Early Road Transportation www.blueskyranches.com/

48. Chariots • Used in warfare by Middle Eastern nations • Handed down to Romans and Greeks • Chariots had either two or four wheel • Used primarily for transportation of goods • 770 B.C. saw advent of chariot races Modern Day Chariot Race http://www.gt40.co.uk/gt40lm03.html

49. Romans and Britain • Romans invaded Britain two times before succeeding in 43 A.D. • Many transportation techniques introduced and groundwork laid for roadways • Collapse of Roman Empire control in Britain saw end of roadways as main source of travel • Horseback way to travel after 410 A.D.

50. Carriages and Coaches • British imports between 1550 and 1600 A.D. • Confined as baggage travel between towns for the rich Carriage ride in Central Park http://www.galenfrysinger.com/horse_carriages_new_york_city.htm