The Engineering Disciplines

1. The Engineering Disciplines

2. The number of engineering disciplines is not static. Many disciplines spawn additional sub-disciplines.Let’s focus on the major disciplines!

3. Aerospace Agricultural Architectural Biomedical Biological Chemical Civil Computer Electrical Environmental Industrial Manufacturing Materials Mechanical Nuclear Petroleum Software Engineering Disciplines

4. Aerospace Engineering Aerospace engineers design and develop technology for commercial aviation, the national defense, and space exploration. In 1990, aerospace engineers helped launch the Hubble Space Telescope, an orbiting instrument that allows us to see 10 times farther than we have ever seen before. ASEE

5. They design, develop, and test aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, and missiles and supervise the manufacturing of these products. Aerospace engineers who work with aircraft are considered aeronautical engineers, and those working specifically with spacecraft are considered astronautical engineers.

6. Repairing cracked shuttle tiles. Boeing Jets – working on better Fuel efficiency and longer range.

7. Aerospace Engineering Employers • Boeing • NASA • Lockheed Martin • Space Systems / Loral Lockheed Martin F16 Falcon Flying over Iraq Boeing Fighter Jet from 1932

8. Agricultural Engineering • Agricultural engineers design farm and food processing equipment; construct crop storage and livestock buildings; and develop systems for drainage, irrigation, and waste disposal. • Sometimes agricultural engineers work in labs like EPCOT's Land Pavilion, where they experiment with promising indoor farming techniques such as hydroponics—the science of growing plants in fluids without dirt. ASEE

9. control of vibration, noise, air quality, heating, cooling within machinery. harvesters, transporters Environmental controllers for poultry, swine, beef, aquaculture, plants Precision agriculture utilizing GPS, remote sensing and computerized field equipment.

10. Agricultural Engineering Employers • Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) • Cargill • DuPont • US Department of Agriculture

11. Architectural Engineering Working alongside architects, architectural engineers focus on the safety, cost, and construction methods of designing a building. For example, as the US population grows in the Southwest, more and more architectural engineers are investigating new ways to build on land where there is only sand and sagebrush. ASEE (This is very related to Structural & Civil Engineering)

12. Biomedical Engineering • Biomedical Engineers develop devices and procedures that solve medical and health-related problems. • Biomedical Engineers work with medical professionals to develop medical instruments, monitoring equipment, artificial organs, and prosthetic devices.

13. Laser Systems for Corrective eye surgery. Computers for Blood analysis Ultrasound Imaging Equipment Implantable Hip Joints

14. Biological Engineering • Bioengineering combines biology and engineering. • Biological Engineers understand how biological systems operate and develop effective biology-based technologies for applications across a wide spectrum of societal needs including breakthroughs in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, in design of novel materials, devices, and processes, and in enhancing environmental health.

15. Biological and Agricultural Engineering Programs at UC Davis Aquaculture EngineeringEcological Systems EngineeringEnergy Systems EngineeringEnvironmental EngineeringFood EngineeringForest and Fiber EngineeringHealth and Safety EngineeringMachine Systems EngineeringPostharvest EngineeringSensor and Control EngineeringSoil and Water Engineering

16. In the early 1950s California's tomato industry was threatened because of the lack of laborers to harvest the crops. In response, the UC Davis agricultural engineering department developed the mechanical tomato harvester. Unfortunately, this machine crushed the tomatoes. The vegetable crops department came to the rescue by breeding a firmer-skinned tomato - also known as the square tomatoSeveral genetically engineered varieties of tomatoes have been developed in the US and approved for commercialization, For a variety of reasons these GE tomatoes are no longer marketed

17. Chemical Engineering • Chemical Engineers often take chemical reactions and scale them up to a large manufacturing process. They focus on the production of products formed through a chemical reaction. This is sometimes called Process Engineering. • Chemical engineering involves the processing and treating of liquids and gases. For example, some chemical engineers are studying ways to desalinate seawater—stripping it of salt to make the water safe to drink. • Many chemical engineers work with petroleum and plastics. • The term "environmental engineering" also applies to certain areas of chemical engineering, such as pollution control.

18. Chemical Engineers are employed to do: • Food Processing • Beverage making and bottling • Environmental Analysis • Making of Cosmetics, Perfumes, and Flavorings • Pharmaceutical production • Petroleum and Plastics processing

19. Kelco, San Diego Manufacturer of Biopolymers from Sea Kelp Pollution Control Petroleum Extraction and Processing

20. Chemical Engr Employers • Dow Chemical • DuPont • Proctor and Gamble • Monsanto • Johnson & Johnson • Merck • General Mills

21. Civil Engineering One of the largest branches of engineering, civil engineering is a field that deals with buildings, bridges, dams, roads, and other ‘public works’ structures . Civil engineers plan, design, and supervise the construction of facilities such as high-rise buildings, airports, water treatment centers, and sanitation plants.

22. Historic Preservation Grand Central Terminal New York City Flood waters compromise levee Near New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina. Oklahoma City Federal Bldg. Rebuilding Oklahoma City after the bombings. Buildings are blast resistant and employ sustainable Construction.

23. William J. Clinton Presidential Center Little Rock, AK Architecture can be both industrial as well as inviting to people. Architecture can effect people’s moods, productivity, and energy.

24. New Compositions make Concrete more versatile. A translucent concrete material contains glass optical fibers that transmit light through the entire length of the block. It can bring sunlight through a wall. SACRED SURFACES. The modern church Dives in Misericordia located in Rome, is made from a self-cleaning concrete that breaks down atmospheric pollutants that would otherwise darken the surface over time.

25. Ductal – an ultra high performance concrete developed by Lafarge. The high strength fibers make the material self reinforcing. The Material can be used to make very thin structures with out the need for conventional steel reinforcement. The concrete will bend like metal before breaking.

26. Japan Tacoma Narrows Bridge, 1940 Wind created resonant vibrations. Now computer modeling and wind tunnels are used to test the rigidity of the road decks. Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge Brazilian Wave Arch

27. Computer & Software Engineering Computer engineers deal with all aspects of computer systems including design, construction, and operation. Some computer engineers specialize in areas like digital systems, operating systems, computer networks, and software.

28. Computer Engineering • Hardware and Chip Design • Development of Software Applications • Integrating components together, i.e. device driver software • Project Management – teams located in multiple places • Chip Fabrication • Test and Quality Assurance (QA)

29. Computer Engineer Employers • Cisco • Sun • Intel • Microsoft • Oracle • IBM • Apple • Google • Yahoo • Wireless service Providers – cell phone services • Manufacturers of hand-held devices. • GIS/GPS businesses. • eBay and Amazon • Self employed

30. Global Positioning Unit Open Source software Invites lots of developers to create new applications Using Languages such as JAVA.

31. Electrical Engineering The discipline that employs the largest number of engineers, covers everything related to electrical devices, systems, and the use of electricity. Electrical engineers work on power plants, computers, and other electrical devices.

32. Electrical Engineering (non-computer) • Control systems in car • Satellites Communications • Cell phones • Power Plants • Circuit boards • Appliances • TVs, DVDs, • Medical Instruments • Recording Equipment • Synthesizers • Amplification equipment • Lighting • Hardware for networking • Firmware (low level coding) • Custom Chips • Aviation Controls • Electronic monitoring and tagging (dog tags)

33. Radomes – Antenna protection These are cell phone towers?

34. Environmental Engineering Environmental engineers assist with the development of water distribution systems, recycling methods, sewage treatment plants, and other pollution prevention and control systems in the water, air, and land. Environmental engineers constantly seek new ways to reduce air pollution and pesticides.

35. Environmental Engineers work on: • Acid Rain and how to avoid it • Clean Energy • Energy Star Program • Public policy compliance – title 45 • Indoor air quality • Site Clean up • Recycling and waste minimization. • EPA Projects (Environmental Protection Agency) EPA employs over 9000 engineers.

36. Industrial Engineering Industrial engineers organize the people, information, energy, materials, and machines involved in the production process. They are concerned with plant design and management, quality control, and the human factors of engineering.

37. Industrial Engineering specialties: • management engineer - Combining knowledge of the business and the facilities. • ergonomist – modify a process to reduce worker injury. • operations analyst - devising systems to increase effectiveness of an operation. • Quality engineer – devise systems to service customers efficiently.

38. Industrial Engineers might do: • Designing the admissions procedure at a hospital  • Converting a major production line to JIT • Representing a company in the design and construction of a new manufacturing plant • Performing motion and time studies • Developing prototype units for the cellular phone car adapter market • Simulation modeling • Developing a hardware protection program for spacecraft • Developing a supplier quality program • Implementing lean manufacturing concepts • Developing and launching a complete material handling system for a new automobile • Developing the conceptual layout of a dockyard and ship repair maintenance facility • Working on a design project to make a medical device to treat sleep apnea • Representing manufacturing and purchasing issues on a design team

39. Manufacturing Engineering Manufacturing engineers design tools and equipment and work with all aspects of manufacturing—from production control and materials handling to mechanization and automation.

40. Materials Engineering Metallurgical and materials engineers extract, process, refine, combine, and manufacture natural substances to create new materials that meet specifications that could not be met with raw materials. Example: Materials that are: stronger, resist corrosion, lighter, inert, elastic, sticky, insulate, invisible, etc. Metallurgical engineers work with metal only. Teams of metallurgy and materials engineers created the US Air Force's "stealth" technology that makes a fighter plane's surface nearly invisible to radar.

41. Teflon-1938 Nylon - 1931 Liquid Crystal Displays 1968 Transistors replace Vacuum tubes Pyrex - 1924 Glass fibers Biomimicry Lead to the Invention of Velcro - 1948 Neoprene- 1931 Ultrasuede and Gortex

42. Nanotechnolgy includes the many techniques used to create structures at a size scale below 100 nm Biomimicry is the application of methodsand systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology

43. The Amazon Rainforest – nature’s laboratory for new Discoveries. Rain forests worldwide cover approximately 6% of Earth's surface, and yet scientists believe they contain 50% of the world's plant and animal species—an impressive ratio. In common parlance, tropical rain forests are not only the planet's land-based centers of biodiversity—where most species live—they also contribute to the maintenance of the world’s climate by regulating rainfall and storing enormous amounts of carbon. Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

44. Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineers use mechanics and energy principles to design machines such as tools, engines. Machines, motors, and other devices. Many mechanical engineers work in the areas of air-conditioning and refrigeration, automotives, manufacturing, welding, robotics, and mechatronics. They study materials, heat and energy transfer, manufacturing technologies

45. A mechanical engineer designs anything that uses mechanical motion Robotics Computer Modeling Underwater Vehicle Consumer & Baby products Prototyping Food Handling

46. What is Mechatronics? • The Fusion of Mechanical Engineering, electronics, and computing. • Usually requires cross-disciplinary training. • Looks like robotics • Automate and Improve production The elements of Mechatronics systems include sensors, actuators, microcontrollers (or microprocessors) and real-time control software. The actuators are mainly high precision electric motors and solenoids. Any of a large number of sensor types are used, including light, acceleration, weight, color, temperature and image.

47. Stepper Motor Stair climbing robot

48. Nuclear Engineering Nuclear engineers design, develop, and control plants that use nuclear energy for fuel and medical purposes. Some nuclear engineers are busy working on a nuclear-powered spacecraft that will travel to Mars.

49. Examples of Nuclear Engineering • Food irradiation has been systematically evaluated by the Food and Agriculture Organization which concluded that treating raw meat and poultry with irradiation eliminates disease-causing bacteria commonly found such as E. coli and Salmonella and poses no toxicological hazards at typically used doses. • Domestic sources of radioisotopes are needed to adequately sustain the growing needs of our medical and healthcare communities.

50. Problems inherent with fossil fuels are avoided with energy production using hydrogen.  Per unit of fuel, hydrogen fuel cells in vehicles are about twice as efficient as combustion energies.  Unlike conventional engines, fuel cells emit only water vapor and heat. Only nuclear energy can produce hydrogen on large enough scales to meet future demand while avoiding the release of greenhouse gases. These battery-like devices inside hydrogen vehicles convert hydrogen and oxygen into water, in the process producing electricity and heat that can power a motor.