Unit 11

1. Unit 11 Twentieth century: Germany

2. #1 Define the term “Lebensraum.” Review German word meaning “living space.” the nazis claimed the german people deserved more room to expand and used this as a justification for invading neighboring nations MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

3. #2 What is the Battle of Britain? Review After quickly defeating most of western Europe, the Nazis launched an aerial attack against great Britain in 1940. believing that the bombing raids would force England's surrender, the raids, targeting both military and civilian targets, lasted until 1941. the British army withstood the brutal Luftwaffe assault, and Hitler shelved his plan for the invasion of britain. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

4. #3 Define the term “Beer Hall Putsch” Review In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein kampf. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

5. #4 Give significance to the term“D-Day” Review On June 6, 1944, u.s., Canadian, and British forces invaded Germany held France at Normandy. It was a decisive allied victory. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

6. #5 What is Fascism? Review Political and economic movement that emphasizes nationalism and militarism with a state-controlled economy. Fascism was linked to political parties that controlled Germany and Italy before and during world war II. Personal rights are limited and obedience to the state is paramount. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

7. #6 Who was Benito Mussolini? Review Fascist leader of Italy from 1922-45. originally a socialist, he was an early member of the black shirts, Italy’s fascist party. He led the overthrow of the Italian government in 1922 and led Italy through world war ii. He was assassinated in 1945. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

8. #7 Define the term“Kristallnacht” Review “night of broken glass,” occurring in November 1938. this marked the beginning of overly violent Nazi attacks against the Jewish population in Germany. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

9. #8 What was the “Final Solution?” Review The phrase used by the Nazis for their goal of exterminating all the Jews of Europe. An estimated 6 of the 11 million European Jews were murdered. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

10. #9 What were the “Nuremberg Trials?” Review After world war ii, the victorious allies convened a multinational judicial panel to try Nazis accused of crimes against humanity. Held in Nuremberg, Germany, the trials lasted from 1945-46. the highest-ranking Nazi tried was Hermann goring, who committed suicide before his death sentence could be carried out. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

11. #10 Who is Winston Churchill? Review Churchill (1874-1965)held numerous government offices, but is most famous for his service as prime minister from 1940-45 and 1951-55. his stirring speeches and refusal to surrender during the darkest days of wwii inspired the free world. He advocated strengthening ties between the united states and britain. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

12. #11 Who was Henri Petain? Review Led the French army at Verdun and eventually became commander of the French armies. He served as prime minister in 1940. when German forces defeated France, he took control of Vichy area in 1942. because of his cooperation with the Nazis, he was arrested and imprisoned until his death in 1951. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

13. #12 What was the Marshall Plan? Review After the massive destruction in Europe following wwii, the united states proposed an economic plan in 1947 to help restore the region. Aid was provided to any European nation that promised cooperation (soviet-bloc nations did not participate.) the plan was very successful. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

14. #13 What was the Warsaw Pact? Review The warsaw pact was essentially the response of the ussr to the creation of nato. The pact began in 1955, with European communist nations pledging mutual military support to one another. It ended with the collapse of the ussr in 1991. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

15. #14 What was the Truman Doctrine? Review The policy, begun in 1947, that the united states would not challenge existing communist nations’ right to exist, but would actively and militarily oppose any further expansion of communist. This policy of containment was followed for decades. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

16. #15 Define the term “Totalitarianism” Review Type of government in which the state is in almost complete control of its citizens’ lives. Individual rights are virtually nonexistent; the welfare of the state is all-important. Stalin and Hitler are considered totalitarian rules. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

17. #16 What was the “Yalta Conference?” Review In 1945, Stalin, Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt met to discuss postwar issues. Stalin was the winner, gaining a pro-soviet government in charge of Poland, the division of Germany, and territory concessions in Asia as well. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

18. #17 What does the term “Iron Curtain” refer to? Review The phrase, coined by Winston Churchill, in a 1946 speech, referred to the dangers of the increasing soviet control and domination of eastern Europe. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

19. #18 What does the term “United Nations” refer to? Review During wwii, allied leaders decided to establish an international organization devoted to promoting peace. The united nation was formally establish in 1945. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

20. #19 What was the Holocaust? Review The term means “burnt offering” and refers to the nazi effort (1933-45) to exterminate the jews in europe. Of the 11 million European jews, 6 million were murdered. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

21. #20 What does the “Berlin Airlift” refer to? Review After wwii, Berlin was divided into eastern and western sectors, with the ussr controlling the east and Britain, France, and the united states controlling the west. From 1948-49, the soviets used a blockade against west Berlin. However, western nations used airplanes to supple west Berlin, and ussr eventually ceased the blockade. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

22. #21 Who was General Francisco Franco? Review In 1936 the Spanish civil war began, Franco led the fascists, fighting republican forces. In 1939, the fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). Franco ruled until his death in 1975. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

23. #22 What was the Rape of Nanking? Review In late 1937, Japan defeated the Chinese city of Nanking. Chinese civilians were brutalized, and thousands were killed. The event shocked western powers and contributed to sanction against Japan. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

24. #23 Define the term “Gulags” Review Forced labor camps set up by Stalin in eastern Russia. Dissidents were sent to the camps, where condition were generally brutal. Millions died. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

25. #24 What was the Five Year Plan? Review Stalin’s attempt to rapidly modernize Russia's industrial capacity began in 1928, with the collectivization of farms as a part of the process. Russia’s heavy industrial capacity did increase, but the collectivization caused massive unrest and violence. The second five year plan began in 1933. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

26. #25 Who was Enrico Fermi? Review One of several important physicist of the twentieth century whose work led to the splitting of the atom. He also was instrumental in the Manhattan project (developed of the atomic bomb). MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

27. #26 Define the term “Einsatzgruppen” Review Nazi paramilitary groups (also called Egs) that operated in eastern Europe. Their goal was the murder of Jews, communists, and others who opposed Germany. Millions were murdered. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

28. The End END REVIEW