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Wind Energy

Wind Energy. Energy is a major input for overall socio-economic development of any society The prices of the fossil fuels steeply increasing So renewables are expected to play a key role Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable

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Wind Energy

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  1. Wind Energy

  2. Energy is a major input for overall socio-economic development of any society • The prices of the fossil fuels steeply increasing • So renewables are expected to play a key role • Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable • Wind turbines are up to the task of producing serious amounts of electricity

  3. Wind Energy Applications

  4. Sizes and Applications • Small (10 kW) • Homes • Farms • Remote Application • Intermediate • (10-250 kW) • Village Power • Hybrid Systems • Distributed Power • Large (660 kW - 2+MW) • Central Station Wind Farms • Distributed Power • Community Wind

  5. Large and Small Wind Turbines are Different • Large Turbines (500-1500 kW)• Installed in “Windfarm” Arrays Totaling 1 - 100 MW • $1,000/kW; Designed for Low Cost of Energy • Requires 6 m/s (13 mph) Average Sites • Small Turbines (0.3-100 kW)• Installed in “Rural Residential” On- Grid and Off-Grid Applications • $2,500-5,000/kW; Designed for Reliability / Low Maintenance • Requires 4 m/s (9 mph) Average Sites

  6. Wind around the earth

  7. WIND POWER - What is it? • All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), ultimately comes from the sun • The earth receives 1.74 x 1017 watts of power (per hour) from the sun • About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind energy (which is about 50-100 times more than the energy converted to biomass by all plants on earth • Differential heating of the earth’s surface and atmosphere induces vertical and horizontal air currents that are affected by the earth’s rotation and contours of the land  WIND. ~ e.g.: Land Sea Breeze Cycle

  8. Winds are influenced by the ground surface at altitudes up to 100 meters. • Wind is slowed by the surface roughness and obstacles. • When dealing with wind energy, we are concerned with surface winds. • A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting the force of the wind into a torque (turning force) acting on the rotor blades. • The amount of energy which the wind transfers to the rotor depends on the density of the air, the rotor area, and the wind speed. • The kinetic energy of a moving body is proportional to its mass (or weight). The kinetic energy in the wind thus depends on the density of the air, i.e. its mass per unit of volume. In other words, the "heavier" the air, the more energy is received by the turbine. • at 15° Celsius air weighs about 1.225 kg per cubic meter, but the density decreases slightly with increasing humidity.

  9. A typical 600 kW wind turbine has a rotor diameter of 43-44 meters, i.e. a rotor area of some 1,500 square meters. • The rotor area determines how much energy a wind turbine is able to harvest from the wind. • Since the rotor area increases with the square of the rotor diameter, a turbine which is twice as large will receive 22 = 2 x 2 = four times as much energy. • To be considered a good location for wind energy, an area needs to have average annual wind speeds of at least 12 miles per hour.

  10. Beaufort Scale

  11. Prevailing Winds • Heating and cooling of the air http://trampleasure.net/science/coriolis/coriolis.png

  12. Uneven heating of earth’s surface and rotation

  13. History

  14. Historical overview • Wind has been used by people for over 3000 years for grinding grain and pumping water • Windmills were an important part of life for many communities beginning around 1200 BC. • Wind was first used for electricity generation in the late 19th century. Wind Energy

  15. Wind Energy

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  19. English Post Mills • Built around a central post Wind Energy

  20. Livestock Water Wind Energy

  21. Grandpa’s Knob • Smith Putnam Machine • 1941 • Rutland, Vermont • 1.25 MW • 53 meters (largest turbine for 40 years) • Structural steel • Lost blade in 1945 Wind Energy

  22. Mod 0 (200 kW) Wind Energy

  23. Mod 1 (2 MW) Wind Energy

  24. Mod 5b (3.2 MW) Wind Energy

  25. GE WIND 3.6 MW GE WIND 1.5 MW Wind Energy

  26. Number of Blades

  27. Number of Blades – One • Rotor must move more rapidly to capture same amount of wind • Gearbox ratio reduced • Added weight of counterbalance negates some benefits of lighter design • Higher speed means more noise, visual, and wildlife impacts • Blades easier to install because entire rotor can be assembled on ground • Captures 10% less energy than two blade design • Ultimately provide no cost savings

  28. Number of Blades - Two • Advantages & disadvantages similar to one blade • Need teetering hub and or shock absorbers because of gyroscopic imbalances • Capture 5% less energy than three blade designs

  29. Number of Blades - Three • Balance of gyroscopic forces • Slower rotation • increases gearbox & transmission costs • More aesthetic, less noise, fewer bird strikes

  30. Wind Turbines: Number of Blades • Most common design is the three-bladed turbine. The most important reason is the stability of the turbine. A rotor with an odd number of rotor blades (and at least three blades) can be considered to be similar to a disc when calculating the dynamic properties of the machine. • A rotor with an even number of blades will give stability problems for a machine with a stiff structure. The reason is that at the very moment when the uppermost blade bends backwards, because it gets the maximum power from the wind, the lowermost blade passes into the wind shade in front of the tower.

  31. Velocity and height

  32. Velocity with Height

  33. Wind Turbine Size-Power Comparison

  34. Turbine design and construction • Blades • Material used • Typical length • Tower height • Heights twice the blade length are found economical

  35. Number of blades • Three blade HAWT are most efficient • Two blade turbines don’t require a hub • As the number increases; noise, wear and cost increase and efficiency decreases • Multiple blade turbines are generally used for water pumping purposes

  36. Many Different Rotors… KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

  37. Windmill design

  38. The Wind Project Development Process Site Selection Land Agreements Wind Assessment Environmental Review Economic Modeling Interconnection Studies Permitting Sales Agreements Financing Turbine Procurement Construction Contracting Operations & Maintenance

  39. Drivers for Wind Power • Declining Wind Costs • Fuel Price Uncertainty • Government Policies • Economic Development • Green Power • Energy Security

  40. Economics

  41. Determining Factors • Wind Speed • Turbine design and construction • Rated capacity of the turbine • Exact Location • Improvements in turbine design • Capital

  42. Energy Cost Trend 1979: 40 cents/kWh 2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh • Increased Turbine Size • R&D Advances • Manufacturing Improvements 2004: 3 – 4.5 cents/kWh

  43. Typical cost statistics • Size: 51 MW • Wind Speed: 13-18 miles/hour • Capital cost: $ 65 million ($1300/MW) • Annual production: 150 million kW-hr • Electricity costs: 3.6-4.5 cents • Payback period: 20 years

  44. Greater fuel diversity • No delay in construction • Low maintenance costs • Reliable and durable equipment • Additional income to land owners • More jobs per unit energy produced • No hidden costs

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