COMPUTERS

1. COMPUTERS

2. LANGUAGE

3. Binary Code System

4. What is it? • The binary code is the system that computer uses to process the information. • A bit is the smallest unit of information we can store on a computer, there are 8 bits in a byte. • The byte is the combination of an eight-digit number form by “0 and 1” • The byte can represent 256 values that include numbers, letters and symbols. •  This system was introduced by the English mathematician and philosopher Eugene Paul Curtis during the 17th century

6. ASCII • The ASCII or American Standard Code for Information Interchange is the table that represents the relationship between decimal numbers to binary number. • This table is based on the English alphabet it shows over 128 character (0-9, a-z, A-Z) • The ASCII was first use in 1967 with all the character as punctuation marks, lower case letter, capital letters and numbers. • It was used in the communications equipment and computer that represented text.

8. From Binary to decimal Conversion • To convert a number such as 11001011 you have to follow these steps: • Write the number and enumerate each digit from left to right: • then write each digit multiplied by two to the power of the exponent: • 1 . 27 + 1.26 + 0 . 25 + 0 .24+ 1 . 23+ 0 .22 + 1 .21 + 1 .20 = 128 + 64 + 8 + 2 + 1 =203 • finally add the all the numbers.

9. From Decimal to binary conversion • This form of converting the number from decimal to binary is very easy. • 1º Write the number as 45, start dividing it by two until you get 1 or 0 as a remainder, you can have any decimals in the quotient.

10. write the remainders from right to left and complete the rest of the digit with ceros until you get 8 digits

11. Some storage information • 1Byte (1B) = 8 bits (8b) • 1KB = 1024 B • 1MB = 1024 KB = 1024 . 1024 = (1024) B • 1GB = 1024 MB = 1024 . 1024 KB = 1024 B • 1TB = 1024 GB = 1024 . 1024 MB = 1024 B 2 3 4

12. FUNCTION

13. DATA INPUT THROUGH PERIPHERAL DEVICES

14. What are data input through peripheral devices? It is a device attached to a host computer but not part of it. It expands the host's capabilities.

15. External peripheral devices

16. Internal peripheral devices

17. The computer mouse A computer mouse is an input device. It is called mouse because of the wire that connects the mouse to the computer. Today, many computer mice use wireless technology and have no wire. Laptops use a touch pad instead of a mouse.

18. TYPES OF COMPUTER MOUSES • 1.- Traditional mouse • 2.- Optical mouse

19. TYPES OF COMPUTER MOUSES • 2.- Wireless mouse • 3.- Laptop mouse

20. COMPUTER KEYBOARD • In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an arrangement of button, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. • Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via keyboards became the main input device for computers.

21. COMPUTER KEYBOARD

22. TYPES OF KEYBOARDS • STANDARD • LAPTOP SIZE

23. COMPUTER KEYBOARDS • HANDLED • THUMB SIZED

24. COMPUTER MONITOR • A monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry and an enclosure. • Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television receivers were used for entertainment. From the 1980s, computers (and their monitors) have been used for both data processing and entertainment, and tv has implemented some computer functionality.

25. TYPES OF COMPUTER MONITORS • Cathode ray tubes (CRT) • Liquid cristal display (LCD)

26. TYPES OF COMPUTER MONITORS • Organic light-emitted diode (OLED)

27. DATA STORAGE

28. DATA STORAGE • Data storage is the name for a number of components of a computer. The main purpose of these components is to store data. In most computers, there is a memory hierarchy: • -Memory that is "closer" to the CPU is usually faster to access, but it is also smaller; data that is stored in this kind of memory usually needs electrical power to keep the data. • -Memory that is farther away is usually slower to access, but also bigger.

29. TYPES OF STORAGE UNITS • Magnetic units: hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape. • Optical units: CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, HD-DVD, Blu-ray. • Flash: memory card, pen drive (memory stick)

30. DATA PROCESSING

31. 1.-Introduction Data processing is the collection and manipulation of items of data to produce meaningful information.

32. 2.-Functions Data processing may involve various processes, including: Validation – Ensuring that supplied data is "clean, correct and useful." Sorting – "arranging items in some sequence and/or in different sets." Summarization – reducing detail data to its main points. Aggregation – combining multiple pieces of data.

33. 2.-Functions Analysis – the "collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.". Reporting – list detail or summary data or computed information.

34. 3.-History Manual data processing:Although widespread use of the term data processing dates only from from the nineteen-fifties data processing functions have been performed manually for millennia. Automatic data processing:The term automatica data processing was applied to operations performed by means of unit record equipment

35. 3.-History -Electronic data processing: The computer taking the place of several independent pieces of equipment .There are many advantages of calculating the data with the help of electric data processing. Further evolution:The term data processing has mostly been subsumed under the newer and somewhat more general term information technology

36. 4.-Applications Commercial data processing: Commercial data processing involves a large volume of input data and a large volume of output. Data analysis:Data analysis makes use of specialized and highly-accurate algorithms and statistical calculations that are less often observed in the typical general business environment. Scientific data processing:Scientific data processing "usually involves a great deal of computation (arithmetic and comparison operations) upon a relatively small amount of input data, resulting in a small volume of output.

37. Data output throught peripheral devices

38. Types of output devices

39. Display device A display device is an output devices for presentation of information in visual or tactile form. Common applications for electronic visual displays are televisons or computers monitors.

40. Printer A printer is an output device that produces a hard copy of data.

41. Plotter A plotter is a graphics printer for makind sophisticated graphs, charts,maps and three-dimensional graphics.

42. Voice output devices Produces a human speech like sound,but actually is prerecorded vocalized sounds

43. Modem The modem enables digital microcomputer to send output trough analog telephone lines

44. ELEMENTS

45. MICROPROCESSOR The microprocessor, also known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU), is the brain of all computers and many household and electronic devices.

46. MICROPROCESSOR It’s hard to believe that only 60 years ago, computers were rare and were not available for the wider public. Microprocessor - really made an impact on the average person's life. .

47. MICROPROCESSOR Modern microprocessors can perform extremely sophisticated operations in areas such as meteorology, aviation, nuclear physics and engineering, and take up much less space as well as delivering superior performance.

48. MEMORIES RAM, ROM AND CACHE

49. MEMORY RAM Random Access Memories are known as Ram.This is where the computer stores the data you are using in the present moment. It is called random access because the processor accesses the information in memory at any point . Memory is constantly updated while the computer is in use and loses its data when the computer shuts down.

50. MEMORY ROM The read only memory is a kind of storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices. It is manufactured with permanently stored data, therefore, its content cannot be modified.