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Human Settlement Patterns Urban Geography

Human Settlement Patterns Urban Geography. Questions. Why Urbanization? Factors that Determine Location of Cities? Functions of an Urban Area? Effects of Urbanization on Culture?. Central Place Theory. Central Places –cities and town Centralization of goods and services

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Human Settlement Patterns Urban Geography

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  1. Human Settlement PatternsUrban Geography

  2. Questions Why Urbanization? Factors that Determine Location of Cities? Functions of an Urban Area? Effects of Urbanization on Culture?

  3. Central Place Theory • Central Places –cities and town Centralization of goods and services • Places are related to each other

  4. Central Place TheoryAssumptions • Towns provide goods & services, surrounded by agriculture • Farms are dispersed in an even pattern • Each product or service has a minimum number of consumers to support supply • Consumers obtain goods and services from nearest supply

  5. Central Place Theory • Heirarchy of central places • Fairly regular spacing and size • Hexagonal arrangement • Validated in many cases

  6. Rank Size Rule • The nth largest city in a region will have 1/n to population of the largest city • Suppose the largest city is 100,000 persons, then the 5th largest city will have 1/5 x (100,000) or 20,000 persons

  7. Rank Size (1/n) Rule

  8. Rank Size Rule (1/n)

  9. Early Urban Societies • Holland - 17th century • Global shipping, banking • Supported by highly productive agriculture • Pre-industrial revolution • Britain • Occurred during industrialization • World’s first model of urbanization • Terrible hardships • Emigration

  10. Structure of Cities • Four models of internal patterns • Concentric zone • Sector • Multiple-nuclei • Peripheral • Social factors • Government • Environmental concerns

  11. City Structure • Economy • Basic sector: production of goods • Non-basic: sector services • Ratio of persons employed in basic to non-basic sector is similar for same sized cities • As cities grow the % of persons employed in the non-basic sector increases

  12. Inner City Processes • Competitive bidding for land • Usable land becomes scarce and more expensive • Cheaper to build up than out • Outlying areas become relatively cheaper • Poorer Individuals cannot afford transportation, remain in inner city • Growth of Suburbs

  13. Growth of Suburbs • U.S. phenomenon due to prosperity • Early suburbs • Cultural preference for rural living • Government policies • FHA loan program • Tax incentives • Returning veterans

  14. Suburban Infrastructure • Sprawl • High costs • Energy • Commute / transportation • Leapfrogging • Environmental • Farmland • Green space

  15. Social Consequences • New Types of Residential housing • Job movement and creation • Commuting patterns • Rush hour

  16. New Patterns • New urbanism • Recreate small town America • Less dependence on cars • Telecommuting • Virtual shopping • Internet

  17. Central Cities Decline • 1970-1995 • Economic decline • Population loss • Deteriorating housing and neighborhoods • Loss of entry level jobs

  18. Central Cities New Growth • Service sector economy • Increased white collar jobs • Finance, IT, bio-tech • Gentrification • Rediscovering urban living • Yuppies / empty nesters • Immigrants

  19. Redistribution of Jobs & Housing • Urban enterprise zones • Reclaiming “brownfields” • Relocate subsidized housing • Transportation to suburban jobs

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