Patterns in Human Geography

2. Patterns in Human Geography human settlement population distribution and land use living and working conditions in countries examine how demographic factors could affect your own life in the future.

3. The Earth’s Surface: 90% of the Earth’s people live on 10% of it’s land area

4. Population Growth • About 10 000 years ago there were about 10 million people worldwide • In 1950 the population started growing very quickly • In the 1990’s the worlds population grew by around 80 million people a year • It is estimated that in 2050 the population will have grown to about 9 billion people

5. Population ChangeThe world's population is growing very rapidly. In 1820 the world's population reached 1 billion. In 1990 it reached 6 billion people.

6. The major reason for population changes, whether in an individual country or for the whole world, is the change in birth and death rates. The birth rate is the number of live babies born in a year for every 1000 people in the total population. Death rates are number of people dying per 1000 people. When birth rates are higher than death rates the population of an area will increase. up

7. health care and sanitation • Over the past 150 years improvements in health care and sanitation around the world have led to a drop in the death rate. While birth rates have dropped in MEDCs, birth rates are still high in LEDCs. Therefore the number of people in the world has grown rapidly.

8. Birth rates are high for a number of reasons: 1.Lack of family planning education or contraceptives 2.In rural areas children are needed as labour on farms. In urban areas they are needed to work in the informal sector to earn money for their families. 3. Women have a large number of children as there is a high level of infant mortality 4. Culture/religion mean it is unacceptable to use contraception

9. Case Study: India India's population is estimated to be around one billion. India has one of the highest population growth rates in the world. In the last ten years its population has increased by 181 million. If this growth rate continues it could become the world's most populated country by 2020. However, India's population growth rate is slowing. This is particularly the case in the southern state of Kerala. In Kerala there have been a number of initiatives to reduce population growth: 1. Women are being educatedAround half of all Indian women cannot read or write (illiterate). However, in Kerala 85% of women are literate. Better educated women are more likely to keep their children healthy. Therefore infant mortality has dropped. This has led to a drop in birth rates. If children are surviving families no longer have to have a couple of extra children to replace those that die. 2. Contraception is more widely available3. The status of women has improved significantlyWomen are no longer seen as a burden - they are regarded as an asset. Traditionally in India when a woman gets married the family have to pay money to the bridegroom's family. This is called a dowry. However, in Kerala it is the bridegroom's family who pay a dowry to the brides family.

10. Case Study: China The Chinese government introduced the 'One Child Policy' in 1979. The aim of this policy was to attempt to control population growth. The policy limited couples to one child. Under this policy couples have to gain permission from family planning officials for each birth. If families followed this policy they received free education, health care, pensions and family benefits. These are taken away if the couple have more than one child. The benefits of this policy are that the growth rate of China's population has declined. Without the policy it is estimated that there would be an extra 320 million more people in a country whose population is estimated to be 1.3 billion. The scheme has caused a number of problems in China. This is particularly the case for hundreds of thousands of young females. Many thousands of young girls have been abandoned by their parents as the result of the one child policy. Many parents in China prefer to have a boy to carry on the family name. As a result large numbers of girls have either ended up in orphanages, homeless or in some cases killed. Also, 90% of foetuses aborted in China are female.

11. Factors affecting population distribution • History, • Natural environment, • technological development, • immigration trends/patterns);

12. Population Structure / Population Pyramids • The population structure for an area shows the number of males and females within different age groups in the population. This information is displayed as an age-sex or population pyramid. Population pyramids of LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries) typically have a wide base and a narrow top. This represents a high birth rate and high death rate. Population pyramids of MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) typically have a roughly equal distribution of population throughout the age groups. The top obviously gets narrower as a result of deaths.

13. three main patterns of human settlement • clustered(nucleated); • scattered( dispersed), • and linear,

14. linear • A linear pattern (a settlement along a line) usually develops due to the growth of the town being restricted by mountains, hills, valleys or rivers. Linear settlements are also found along roads.

15. Population Density • Population density is an often reported and commonly compared statistic for places around the world. Population density is the measure of the number per unit area. It is commonly represented as people per square mile (or square kilometre), which is derived simply by dividing... • total area population / land area in square miles (or square kilometres) • For example, Canada's population of 33 million, divided by the land area of 3,559,294 square miles yields a density of 9.27 people per square mile. While this number would seem to indicate that 9.27 people live on each square mile of Canadian land area, the density within the country varies dramatically - a vast majority lives in the southern part of the country. Density is only a raw gauge to measure a population's disbursement across the land. • Density can be computed for any area - as long as one knows the size of the land area and the population within that area. The population density of cities, states, entire continents, and even the world can be computed.

16. Countries with high population densities: • Monaco 44,000 • Singapore 18,652 • Malta 3,278 • Bahrain 2,793 • Bangladesh 2,637 • Maldives 2,573 • Barbados 1,626 • Mauritius 1,592 • Nauru 1,529 • San Marino 1,338

17. Countries with low population densities: Mongolia: 4 people Nambia: 6 people Australia: 7 people Mauritania: 8 people Botswana: 8 people Canada: 8 people Suriname: 8 people Iceland: 8 people Guyana: 9 people Libya: 9 people Gabon: 14 people Kazakhstan: 15 people Central African Republic: 18 people

18. Characteristics of Places With High and Low Population Densities • People do not live evenly spread through the world. For example large parts of Australia are very sparsely populated (low population density), whereas areas in the south-east and around Perth are crowded (high population density). The spread of people around a country is known its population distribution The factors that tend to produce low population densities are: • Extreme climate - too cold, hot, wet or dry • Extreme relief - too high and too steep • Extreme remoteness - places that are difficult to reach • Infertile land - need to have extensive (very large) farms The factors that can produce a high population density are : • Fertile farming land - many, small farms able to support a large population • Moderate climate • Mineral resources - mines produce jobs, and provide raw materials for other industries • Low land - with gentle slopes or flat ground • Good water supply • Wealthier areas - people will move to where the jobs and money are found

19. The map above is a choropleth (shading) map and illustrates population density. The darker the colour the greater the population density. The map above shows that world population distribution is uneven. Some areas have a high population density while others have a low population density. Areas of high population density tend to be located between 20° and 60°N. This area contains a large land area and a relatively temperate climate.

20. Factors Affecting Population Density HIGH DENSITY LOW DENSITY

21. HIGH DENSITY LOW DENSITY

22. Site and Situation influence settlement patterns: Chicago Over one-third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods

23. Main article: Demographics of Chicago During its first 100 years as a city, Chicago grew at a rate that ranked among the fastest growing in the world. Within the span of forty years, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million by 1890. By the close of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth largest city in the world,[87] and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within fifty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population had tripled to over 3 million,[88] and reached its highest ever-recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census. As of the 2000 census, there were 2,896,016 people, 1,061,928 households, and 632,558 families residing within Chicago. More than half the population of the state of Illinois lives in the Chicago metropolitan area. The population density of the city itself was 12,750.3 /sq mi (4,922.9 /km2), making it one of the nation's most densely populated cities. There were 1,152,868 housing units at an average

24. Site • Physical features in an area where a community is situated E.g. Chicago: • Lake Michigan • Chicago River(s) • Flatland • near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. • Situation • The general position of a city in relation to other human features such as transportation routes, other cities and natural resources such as farmland • Railways • Roads • Midwest USA amongst farmland

25. Site Factors • • reliable water supply • • away from flood risks • • defense • • building materials (stone or wood) • • fertile land • • sheltered from winds • • fuel supply (wood) • • south-facing slope (aspect) • • flat land, easy to build on • • natural harbour • Situation Factors • • route centre • • gap town • • lowest bridging point on a river • • port • • minerals for export

26. types of land use • residential • recreational • institutional • commercial • industrial • agricultural • for transportation • communication • utilities • public space

28. 1. Residential Land Use - where people live (houses, apartment buildings) 2. Institutional Land Use - government related (schools, town hall, police station) 3. Recreational Land Use - for fun, entertainment purposes (parks, bowling place) 4. Open/ Vacant Space Land Use - empty land 5. Commercial Land Use - places to do with [making] money (stores, banks) 6. Industrial Land Use - working places that help industry (factories) 7. Agricultural Land Use - land used to grow food etc. (farmland)

29. urbanization, industrialization

30. transportation

31. Touristdestinations

32. population pyramids Notice the following points about  population pyramids: normally Males are on the left and females are on the right; age categories are in 5 year increasing intervals labelled up the center axis; the horizontal axis is measured in millions.

33. Expansive or expanding population pyramids have this classic triangular/pyramid shape.  The wide base of this population pyramid indicates a  high birth rate & the narrow top indicates a high death rate. • Generally speaking an expanding population is characteristic of a lower standard of living: • high birth rate due to poor access to birth control, lack of education etc.; • high death rate due to poor medical care & nutrition.

34. Stationary or Stable population pyramids have a 1/2 elipse shape.  The base of this population pyramid is similar in width to the population of the reproductive ages which indicates a  stable population. • Generally speaking stable populations are characteristic of a high standard of living due to: • low birth rate due to good family planning, access to birth control, financial planning, education, etc.; • low death rate due to good medical care, nutrition, education etc.

35. Contractive or contracting population pyramids have a narrower base than the reproductive age population.  This indicates a  decreasing population trend.  The low birth rate is indicative of a well developed country.

36. Reading Population Pyramids Observing different characteristics of the population pyramid can tell you a lot about the population. • *Width of the base: • birth rate varies with the width of the base.  A wide base indicates a high birth rate and a narrow base indicates a low birth rate. • *Symmetry: • statistically speaking pyramids should be relatively symmetrical.  Any asymmetry indicates a difference in the male and female population.  This pyramid shows more females at the 85+ age range which indicates that women are living to older ages than males. • *Shape of sides: •  Concave sides indicate a high death rate and convex sides indicate a low death rate.  This population pyramid exhibits concave sides indicating a high death rate. *Bumps in the sides: • irregularities in the sides indicate a demographic anomaly.  The 30 -50 age group in this population pyramid represents the baby boom.  This bump will travel upward as the baby boomers age. • *Classification • indicates standard of living as described above.

37. Three Shapes of Population Pyramids

38. There are 3 main shapes for a population pyramid: Increasing/Expanding: Has larger numbers or percentages of the population in the younger age groups, usually with each age group smaller in size or proportion than the one born before it Stable/Stationary: Has relatively equal numbers or percentages for almost all age groups, with the oldest age groups having smaller numbers Declining: Has smaller numbers or percentages at the younger age groups, usually with each age group slightly larger than the one below it

39. Population Pyramids Canada There are bulges and narrower parts in the middle part of the pyramid. The people in their 20s in 1961 were born during the Depression, a time of economic hardship in Canada when people were having fewer children. The pyramid narrows toward the top. This is because the death rate is higher among older people than among younger people. In 1961 the pyramid had a wide base. These are the baby boomers, a large group of people born between 1947 and 1966 when the economy was growing.

40. Visit the following website to observe an animation in the change of Canada’s population pyramid from 1971 to 2006. www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyca.htm

41. Canada’s changing demographics • What jobs will be there?

42. Dependency Ratio • The working age of people varies.  Traditionally people worked until they were 65 years old.  The common trend now is for people to retire closer to 55 years of age.  However, for statistic purposes we recognize people between 15 and 65 as the workers of a society.  People under 15 and over 65 are considered dependant upon the working population.  The dependency ratio (DR) of a population indicates how many people are dependant upon every 100 workers The formula is   •   DR = (pop. 0-14) + (pop. 65+) ´ 100                                         (pop. 15-64)

43. Human Development Index • http://hdr.undp.org/en/ • http://hdr.undp.org/en/mediacentre/videos/

44. quality of life