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Application of Transgenic Technology and its Social Impacts

Application of Transgenic Technology and its Social Impacts. 基因轉殖對社會的貢獻與衝擊. 翟建富. National Yang Ming University. 國立陽明大學 - 生命科學院. Spring 2004. How many genes are there in the chromosome of animal cells?. 動物細胞的染色體中含有多少個基因. E. coli ( 大腸桿菌 ) 4.6 Mb 4,288 genes

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Application of Transgenic Technology and its Social Impacts

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  1. Application of Transgenic Technology and its Social Impacts 基因轉殖對社會的貢獻與衝擊 翟建富 National Yang Ming University 國立陽明大學-生命科學院 Spring 2004

  2. How many genes are there in the chromosome of animal cells? 動物細胞的染色體中含有多少個基因 E. coli (大腸桿菌) 4.6 Mb 4,288 genes S. Cerevisiae (酵母菌) 13.5 Mb 6,034 genes D. Melanogaster (果蠅) 165 Mb 12,000 genes C. Elegans (線蟲) 97 Mb 19,099 genes H. Sapiens (現代人) 3,300 Mb 40,000 genes 人類基因可在大腸桿菌中表現,反之亦然! •在動植物中的基因密碼基本上是相同的; •動植物間應有同源性; •在工業上大腸桿菌常被利用做為人類基因表現的場所; •細菌以及植物是一種十分有效的生物反應器以合成有用的生 物製劑.

  3. 生物反應器生產的一些生物性用藥 • • Factor VIII& IX for hemophilia (血友病) • Human growth hormone(HGH, 人類生長激素) • Erythropoietin(EPO, 紅細胞生長素) for treating anemia (貧 • 血症) • Interferons(扞擾素, 抗癌等生物用藥) • Interleukins(白介素, 免疫系統對抗原的反應) • Tissue plasminogen activator(TPA,纖溶酶原活化素) for • dissolving blood clots (溶解血凝塊) • Angiostatin (制管張素)for anti-cancer drugs (抗癌藥) • Parathyroid hormone (副甲狀腺素) • Insulin(胰島素)for diabetics (糖尿病)

  4. Transgenic Animals 基因轉殖動物 A foreign gene inserted into its genome by using recombinant DNA technology. 以DNA重組技術將一外來基因殖入動物染色體中的一種技術 • To be expressed correctly by the cells of the host • (能在宿主細胞中正確的表現). • Transgenic sheep and goats have been produced that express • foreign proteins in their milk • (可從複製羊或山羊的乳腺中表現外來蛋白質).

  5. 轉化胚胎幹細胞法 Embroyonic stem cells (ES cells) 方法一: 將轉化的幹細胞 注入胚囊細胞 篩選表現特基 因的幹細胞 幹細胞 Stem cell 胚囊細胞 Blastocyst 胞內質 方法二: 原核 子宮埋入 Implant in uterus 帶有特定基因的載體 受精卵 代孕母 Foster mother Fertilized egg 將所需基因注入受精卵 中的原核方法 Injecting gene into pronucleus Of a fertilized egg 篩選帶有特定基因的子代 雜合交配子代, 產生 同型接合轉殖株 基因轉殖方法

  6. Example: Transgenic mouse (轉殖鼠)  表現人類生長激素(human growth hormone) 轉殖鼠能產生大量生長激素的 轉殖鼠體形巨大

  7. 轉殖動物的工業應用 Transgenic Sheep (轉殖綿羊) •在乳汁中產生大量人類蛋白質(expressed large quantities of the human protein in their milk). Transgenic Chickens (轉殖雞) •可快速成長; 能在雞蛋白中合成大量人類蛋白質 Transgenic Pigs (轉殖豬) • 可供人類器官移植用的來源 •利用動物器官來源的移植稱xenotransplantation.

  8. 轉殖動物的風險 Risk of transgenic animals: • 動物疾病傳染的危險(zoonoses) • 具傷害性的特異感染性蛋白(prions), 它可以自我複製, 可引發人類的庫氐症(Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, CJD)或 狂牛症( Mad Cow disease), 同時可迅速擴散?

  9. A WOLF IN SHEEP'S CLOTHING? 桃莉羊-複製生物 我們的認知與無知 DOLLY AND CLONING LIVING BEINGS:WHAT WE KNOW,WHAT WE DON'T KNOW 複製桃莉羊-以成長羊的DNA,乳腺細胞為複製的材料 Issue of Nature (February 22, 1997) the Roslin Institute and PPL therapeutics announced the cloning of Dolly, a lamb cloned from the DNA of an adult sheep mammary gland cell.

  10. 遺傳複製與雙胞胎 Genetic Cloning vs Genetic twinning 生育是有性生殖的結果( sexual reproduction); 父母親各提供一半遺傳物質以形成受精卵的基因體. 受精卵經過分化(differentiation)過程而形成一個成體. 雙胞胎(identical twin)是由一個受精卵一分為二後獨立分化而成二個遺傳上(genetically) 完全相同的個體. 複製(cloning)生物的基因體是來自一個成熟的個體,並在一個去掉細胞核的卵中孕育而成,是一種無性生殖(asexual reproduction)行為,所以複製個體的基因體與母體或父體完全相同,是與雙胞胎不同的地方.

  11. 複製生物對社會與文化上的衝擊 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACTS OF CLONING? 複製動物的正面價值 (Positive aspects of cloning animals): •複製品種上佳的畜產如:牛,羊,豬等以提供人類高品質的 肉類來源 •複製可大量生產畜產, 是農業生物技術上的一大突破. 複製動物對社會與文化上的衝擊(Impacts): •複製帶來的好處如何平衡可能導至的潛在性危機(potential dangers) 如:疾病等? • 不同文化族群(cultural groups)在哲學觀上的憂慮(philosophical concerns) ? • 宗教族群(religious groups)在倫理學(unethical)上的質疑(questioning).

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