Forced Labour in what we buy

1. Forced Labour in what we buy How do our products reach us? Which workers might be vulnerable to slavery? How can I influence responsible stakeholders to eradicate forced labour?

2. Where do they things I buy come from? In the morning, we drink coffee provided for us by a South American, or tea by a Chinese, or cocoa by a West African. Before we leave for our jobs we’re already indebted to more than half the world. Martin Luther King Jnr.

3. Where do our products come from? One example of the complex ways our products are made Mobile phones: Coltan (conductor) from Congo, Australia, Brazil etc Casing: made from plastic –from oil from Saudi Arabia, Angola, Nigeria, America etc Manufactured in Japan, China, Finland

4. Where do our products come from? T-shirt Cotton: grown in China, USA, India, Uzbekistan or Brazil Manufactured by companies in India, Taiwan, Nepal, Pakistan Transported and sold by companies around the world

5. Sample supply chain for chocolate – Stage 1 - Raw materials Cocoa sold to manufacturer directly/middlemen exporters marketing board Workers are single farmers and family / non-family members also hired Cocoa harvested by farmers in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Indonesia etc Cocoa Workers are single farmers and family / non-family members also hired Milk from cows owned by small or large scale farmers or cooperatives Milk sold to co-operative or directly to company Milk Cane/beet bought by sugar processors who sell on to chocolate manufacturers Workers are single farmers and family / non-family members also hired Sugar cane/beet grown in countries like Brazil, the EU, Egypt Sugar

6. Sample supply chain for chocolate – Stage 2&3 Production and distribution Factory making chocolate uses machines bought from other companies Manufacturing company can hire another company to transport raw material All raw materials transported to manufacturing base Chocolate bars transported to warehouses – company can hire another company to transport Factory workers can be employed through a recruitment agency Chocolate bars sold to shops and supermarkets

7. How is slavery linked to what I buy? • As chocolate example shows, there is a lot of people involved in making a final product. • At any stage, forced labour can take place – from raw material production to distribution in the UK. • E.g, children can be used in forced labour conditions to harvest cocoa and people working in UK factories may have been trafficked.

8. Who is responsible for eradicating slavery in the supply chain? Consumer action Government implementation of legislation Company responsibility Workers and trade unions