April 30, 2013

1. April 30, 2013 • What types of toys and games appeal to a gender specific role according to today’s society? How have they changed since you were little?

2. Infancy and Childhood Chapter 3

3. Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development • Developmental Psychology – study of how an individual’s physical, social, emotional, moral, and intellectual development • Study the Following: • Continuity versus stages of development • Stability versus change • Nature vs. Nurture

4. Newborns • Development begins long before an infant is born • Capable of certain inherited, automatic, coordinated movement patterns called reflexes • Grasping Reflex – response to a touch on the palm of the hand • Rooting Reflex – infants response to turn toward the source of touching that occurs around his or her mouth

5. Physical Development • Average weight = 7.5 pounds at birth • Maturation • Internally programmed growth • We all learn at our own rates • No amount of coaching will get a child to do something before it is ready

6. The Development of Language • How Children Acquire Language • Some Psychologists argue that language is reinforced behavior, while others claim it is inborn • First Year • Average child makes many sounds • Late in the first year the babble sounds like the language the child hears • 2 years old – Vocabulary consists of about 50 words • 18 months to 5 years old • Children add 5 to 10 words a day to their vocabulary • 4 to 5 years old • Several thousand words in their vocabulary

7. The Development of Language • Telegraphic Speech – verbal utterances where words are left our but the meaning is usually clear • Where my apple • Daddy fall down • Cat gone

8. The Case of Genie • We will be focusing on her language development – NOT her background • Her background did influence and impact her life but that is not what we are focusing on today • After watching the documentary we will be reading an article that will answer a lot of your questions about this situation • As you watch write down any questions that you have – Don’t ask them aloud, yet

9. Cognitive Development • Jean Piaget • Intelligence or the ability to understand, develops gradually as the child grows • Object Permanence – Even if the object is “gone” it’s still real • Infant = Hide a toy the child thinks it’s “gone” • 7 to 12 months = Hide a toy under a blanket they will look under the blanket • 12 to 18 months = Watches you closely and searches for the toy in the last place they saw it

10. Experiments with Animals • Imprinting • Baby Geese • A few hours after they struggle out of their shells goslings waddle after the first thing they see move (usually mom) • Imprinting is important for survival purposes

11. Parenting Styles • Authoritarian Families • Parents are the bosses - period • Democratic Families • Children Participate in decisions that affect their lives • Permissive Families • Children have the final say • Parents are not solely responsible for the way children turn out – Who is?

12. Child Abuse • Child Abuse – physical, mental, sexual, negligent, or mistreatment of children under the age of 18 by adults who have been entrusted with their care • Reasons For Child Abuse • Many abusive parents were mistreated as children • Overburdened and stressed parents

13. Social Development • Socialization – to live with other people children have to learn what is considered acceptable and unacceptable behavior • Society encourages boys to express aggression but not fear • Girls have been raised to express emotions but not ambitions

14. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development • Psychosocial Development – Life periods in which an individual’s goal is to satisfy desires associated with social needs • Example: A 2 year old is applauded for mastering a task then he will develop a sense of independence • At the same time if he is punished or ignored he may doubt his achievement

15. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development • Stage 1 – Children do not consider other people’s points of views and have no sense of right or wrong • Stage 2 – Know how to receive rewards as well as to avoid punishment • Stage 3 – Children become sensitive to what other people want and think

16. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development • Stage 4 – Children are less concerned with the approval of other and more about law and order • Stage 5 – Concerned with whether a law is just and fair and believes that laws must change as the world changes

17. Adolescence Chapter 4/

18. Physical and Sexual Development • Adolescence – transition period between childhood and adulthood • American Society views adolescence as a time of preparation for adult responsibilities • Rites of Passage • Birthdays – 16, 18 and 21 • Bar Mitzvahs

19. Physical Development • Puberty is the biological event that marks the end of childhood • Girls start to mature physically as early as 8 • Boys start to mature at age 9 or 10 • Just before puberty boys and girls experience a growth spurt • Girls begin between 10 and 14 • Boys begin between 11 and 16

20. Reactions to Growth • When Adolescents talk about what they don’t like the most about themselves they usually talk about physical appearance • How has media helped this idea?

21. Sexual Development • Increase in sexual awareness and activity of teens has raised many questions over the role of family, religion, and government • 1 million pregnancies occur each year among adolescents • Studies show children of teenage mothers are more likely to become teenage mothers themselves, do poorly in school, and serve time in prison • 2 million cases of STDs

22. Personal Development • During Adolescence a sense of identity and self-esteem are very important and depend a lot on friends • Rationalization – seek to explain unpleasant emotions or behavior • You fail a test – you rationalize why you failed the test • Less than half of 17 year olds have reached this stage one study found

23. Personal Development • Some problems adolescents develop as a result of immaturity • Finding fault with authority figures • Argumentativeness • Indecisiveness • Apparent Hypocrisy • Self-Consciousness • Invulnerability

24. Erikson’s Theory of the Identity Crises • Identity Crisis – time of inner conflict during which they worry intensely about their identities • Children tend to live in the present – adolescents begin to think about the future

25. The Role of the Family • Before 1970 the typical American family had a wage earning father who worked outside of the home and a mother who worked in the home • Today – Almost half of all marriages end in divorce, more than half of all adult women are in the workforce, typical family has two wage earners

26. The Role of Peers • High Schools are important places for adolescents get together • Early in adolescence groups are determined by sex but later the sexes mix • Peers set the standards on such matters as fashion and taste in music

27. Difficulties During Adolescence • Natural and normal that adolescents experience some temporary psychological difficulties • Most adjust fairly quickly • Troubled adolescents do not “outgrow” their problems but carry them through life if not treated

28. Teenage Depression and Suicide • Events that trigger depression = loss of a loved one through separation, family relocation, divorce, or death • Depressed teens may appear to be extremely angry • Best way to deal with a depressed teen is to communicate • If the teen is not willing to talk to the parent or family member then professional help is needed

29. Eating Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa – refusing to eat and not maintaining weight • Adolescents see themselves as fat even if they are thin • Treatment – focusing on encouraging weight gain and dealing with the psychological problems • Bulimia Nervosa • Binge eating followed by purging – vomiting, using laxatives etc. • Treatment – therapy and antidepressant drugs

30. Gender Roles and Differences • Parents dress baby girls in pink and boys in blue and give them gender specific names and expect them to act differently • Gender Identity and Gender Roles are two different things • Gender Identity – physical and biological makeup • Gender Role – defined by society and culture

31. Gender Roles • Men are traditionally viewed as dominant, competitive and emotionally reserved • Women are traditionally viewed as submissive, cooperative, and emotional responsive • Gender Stereotypes – prejudiced opinions and attitudes concerning the way men and women should behave

32. Gender Differences • Personality • Differences in males and females do exist • Males are more confident than females • Academic areas such as math or science • Females engage in more verbal aggressive acts while males participate in more physical aggression • Who talks more? • Men talk more than women and interrupt women more while they are talking • Women are more sensitive to nonverbal cues

33. Origins of Gender Differences • Psychoanalytical Theory • Freud • When a child identifies with a parent of the same sex gender identity results • Social Learning Theory • Children learn their gender roles by observing and imitating models such as parents, friends, teachers, etc. • Cognitive Developmental Theory • Children acquire gender roles by interacting with their environment and thinking about those experiences

34. Changing Gender Roles • Before 1960 – Few women sought careers • Mid-80s – Most women had jobs outside of the home • However. . . • Women do not advance as quickly as men • Women occupy lower levels of leadership positions • Women interrupt their careers for child care and miss opportunities for promotion and salary increases