Producing “New” Small Grain Crops in the Mid-Atlantic

1. Producing “New” Small Grain Crops in the Mid-Atlantic Wade Thomason

2. Outline • Current and Future Situation • Bread Wheat • Hulless Barley

3. 300 250 200 Harvested Acres 150 100 $4.50 $4.00 50 $3.50 $3.00 0 Value, $/bu $2.50 $2.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2005 2006 1991 1992 1993 1994 2002 1990 2003 2004 $1.50 $1.00 $0.50 $0.00 2005 2006 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Virginia Wheat Acres

4. What’s This All About? • 8.5 million acres of agricultural land • 47,000 farms • Avg. size is 181 acres • More than 1/3 of all the land development that has taken place since 1607 has occurred in the last 20 years. • Average annual rate of agricultural land converted to developed uses (acres)  • 23,260 • Average annual rate of rural land converted to developed uses (acres)    • 69,480  • More, smaller farms

5. Survey

6. Survey If your wheat acreage decreased, what were the two most important reasons for the decrease? (Indicate the most important reason with a 1 and the second most important reason with a 2)

7. Survey What price/bushel level would it take for you to re-introduce wheat on your farm or increase wheat acreage? 6% $3.50-3.75  28% $3.76-4.00  48% $4.01 + 17% Do not plan to grow wheat regardless of price

8. Wheat Prices, CBOT & KCBOT AVG. of $0.40/bu or more

10. Development of Specialty Wheat Varieties with High Value End Use Properties

11. Management StudiesBread Wheat Seeding Rate • Plots were planted into conventionally tilled fields at rates of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 seeds per row ft. (25, 34, 43, 51, and 60 seeds per square ft.) at both sites. • RCBD with 4 reps • Karl 92, Soissons, TAM 110, Lakin, and Renwood 3260

12. 59 2 58 y = -0.0046x + 0.5287x + 42.308 57 2 R = 0.8083 56 Plants ft-2, GS 11 55 54 53 52 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Seeds ft-2 Bread Wheat Seeding Rate

13. 30 2 y = -0.0045x + 0.6953x - 0.0612 25 2 R = 0.9962 20 Heads ft-2, GS 75 15 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Seeds ft-2 Bread Wheat Seeding Rate

14. 30 25 20 Kernels per Head 15 10 5 0 26 34 43 51 60 Seeds ft-2 Bread Wheat Seeding Rate

15. 45 40 35 30 25 1000 kernel wt, g 20 15 10 5 0 26 34 43 51 60 Seeds ft-2 Bread Wheat Seeding Rate

16. Bread Wheat Seeding Rate 81 2 y = -0.0014x + 0.2286x + 71.374 80 2 R = 0.9928 79 Yield, bu ac-1 78 77 76 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Seeds ft-2

17. Management StudiesBread Wheat Seeding Rate • A quadratic effect of seeding rate on early season plant density was observed across sites in 2005 and 2006. • The number of heads was increased with increased seeding rate up through 30 seeds row ft (1/3 more than the recommended seeding rate for SRWW). • Yield was also increased with seeding rate, even at what would normally be considered extremely high rates.

18. Fertilization • Randomized complete block design with eight replications was deployed to evaluate late-season N rates and timing. • 0, 20, 30, and 40 lb N/ac applied as dissolved urea solution at GS37, GS 45, or GS 54. • Sulfur was applied randomly to four of the eight replications at GS 30 in each year, resulting in this effect being nested within replication effect. • Soissons (French Bread • Wheat) • Heyne (Kansas HRWW) • Renwood 3260, • (SRWW –strong gluten)

19. Fertilization • Late-season N increased yield ~ 10% of the time. • Late-season N never decreased yield. • S at GS 30 caused foliar burn but not lost yield.

20. Grain protein response of Soissons wheat to late-season N with and without S 12.5 2 y = -0.0004x + 0.0412x + 11.218 +S 2 R = 0.9999 -S 12 Grain Protein (%) y = 0.0203x + 11.249 11.5 2 R = 0.9954 11 0 10 20 30 40 50 N Rate (kg/ha)

21. Flour protein of Soissons, Heyne, and Renwood 3260 winter wheat varieties as affected by late season N (with S), 2001-2003. 12.5 y = 0.0207x + 10.599 Soissons 2 R = 0.9597 12.0 Heyne Renwood 3260 11.5 y = 0.0109x + 10.716 2 R = 0.9921 Flour Protein, % 11.0 10.5 y = 0.0184x + 9.2055 10.0 2 R = 0.9874 9.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 GS 45 N rate, kg ha-1

22. Water absorption of Soissons, Heyne, and Renwood 3260 winter wheat varieties as affected by late season N (with S), 2001-2003. 64 63 62 Soissons Water Absorption, % 61 Heyne Renwood 3260 60 59 58 0 10 20 30 40 50 GS 45 N rate, kg ha-1

23. Loaf volume of Soissons, Heyne, and Renwood 3260 winter wheat varieties as affected by late season N (with S), 2001-2003.

24. Fertilization • No effect of late-season foliar N on yield • Grain and flour protein concentration of all three cultivars were consistently increased with the application of late-season foliar N applications up to 30 lb N ac-1. • Variable response to S. • Growth stage (45 versus 54) timing of late-season N application generally did not differ significantly as to the effect on grain, flour, and bread quality characteristics. • Grain protein increase in response to applied N varied by cultivar. • Application of 30 to 40 lb N ac-1 between GS 45 and 54 to winter bread wheat cultivars grown in humid, high rainfall areas likely will result in consistent increases in grain and flour protein concentration as well as increased water absorption and improvements in bread loaf volume. • Other measured flour and baking properties were not commonly affected.

25. Disease Management • Karl 92, Amelio, TAM 110, Renwood 3260, and Lakin. • Seed for the seed treatment plots was treated with Baytan 30 seed treatment at 1.5 oz per 100 lb seed. • Quilt was applied at 14 oz/ac to all treated plots at GS 37 (flag leaf emergence).

26. Disease Management Quilt treated Quilt treated No Baytan Baytan

27. 7 6 5 4 + Quilt - Quilt Leaf Rust Rating, 0-9 3 2 1 0 Soissons Karl 92 TAM 110 Renwood 3260 Lakin Bread Wheat Disease Management

28. 100 95 90 85 Yield bu ac-1 80 75 70 65 60 AMELIO KARL92 LAKIN REN3260 SOISSONS TAM110 Bread Wheat Disease Management

29. 90 88 86 Yield, bu ac-1 84 82 80 NONE QUILT Bread Wheat Disease Management

30. Development of Hulless Barley as a Value-Added Crop

32. Hulless Barley

34. Higher Starch Higher Protein Lower Ash Lower Fiber Hulless Barley

35. 646 seeds m-2 323 seeds m-2 Thoroughbred VA01H-68 Thoroughbred VA01H-68 Management StudiesHulless Barley Seeding Rate Study • Seeding rates of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 seeds row-ft-1 in six inch rows for three hulled and six hulless varieties. • Seedling counts, grain yield, and yield components are measured.

36. 120 110 y = 0.159x + 104.96 100 2 R = 0.6618 Hulled 90 Grain Yield, bushel/acre Hulless 80 y = 0.3497x + 65.592 70 2 R = 0.7957 60 0 20 40 60 80 Seeds/square foot Hulless Barley Seeding Rate

37. Fertilization • N applied at GS 25 and GS 30 • 0, 40, 60, and 80 lb ac-1 • 12 lb ac-1 foliar P2O5 applied at GS 30

38. Hulless Barley N Rate 7000 6000 5000 -1 4000 2 y = -0.0968x + 34.024x + 2672.1 2 Grain Yield, kg ha R = 0.942 3000 2000 1000 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 -1 Total Spring N rate, kg ha

39. Hulless Barley N Rate

40. Pests • Weeds • Insects • Disease

41. 35 30 25 20 Plant Height, inches 15 DOYCE 10 VA00H-65 VA01H-68 5 0 0 0.5 0.75 1 Ethephon rate, pint/acre Lodging

42. 115 110 105 Doyce Yield, bu/ac 100 VA00H-65 VA01H-68 95 90 85 0 0.5 0.75 1 Ethephon rate, pint/acre Lodging

43. Harvesting 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 % Decrease germination Germination, % 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 handpick handpick 900 rpm 900 rpm 950 rpm 950 rpm 1000 rpm 1000 rpm 1400 rpm 1400 rpm Harvest Method / Combine Cylinder Speed

44. What Do We Do With Hulless Barley?

45. Research and Education • Swine and Poultry Feed

46. Research and Education • Equine

47. Results: Hulless Versus Hulled Barley Fermentations (No b-Glucanase Added)