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Network Fundamentals

Network Fundamentals. Chapter 1. Agenda. Introduction to Networking Fundamental Network Characteristics Type and Sizes of Networks Network Performance issues and Concepts Network Standard and Standard Organizations. Network Structure. Define the elements of communication

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Network Fundamentals

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  1. Network Fundamentals Chapter 1

  2. Agenda • Introduction to Networking • Fundamental Network Characteristics • Type and Sizes of Networks • Network Performance issues and Concepts • Network Standard and Standard Organizations

  3. Network Structure • Define the elements of communication • 3 common elements of communication • Message source • The channel • Message destination • Define a network • Data or information networks capable of carrying many different types of communications

  4. Introduction to NetworkingWhat Is Networking? • A network is a set of hardware devices connected together, either physically or logically to allow them to exchange information.

  5. The Advantages (Benefits) of Networking • Connectivity and Communication • Data, Hardware Sharing • Internet Access • Data Security and Management • Performance Enhancement and Balancing • Entertainment

  6. The Disadvantages (Costs) of Networking • Network Hardware, Software and Setup Costs • Hardware and Software Management and Administration Costs • Undesirable Sharing • Illegal or Undesirable Behavior • Data Security Concerns

  7. Network Structure • Define the components of a network • Network components • Hardware • Software

  8. Network Structure • End Devices and their Role in the Network • End devices form interface with human network & communications network • Role of end devices: • Client • Server • Both client and server

  9. Network Structure • Identify the role of an intermediary device in a data network and be able to contrast that role with the role of an end device • Role of an intermediary device • Provides connectivity and ensures data flows across network

  10. Network Structure • Define network media and criteria for making a network media choice • Network media – this is the channel over which a message travels

  11. Fundamental Network Characteristics • Networking Layers • Networking technologies are most often compartmentalized in this manner by dividing their functions into layers, each of which contains hardware and/or software elements. • Networking Models • Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) • Networking Architectures • An architecture is essentially a set of rules that describes the function of some portion of the hardware and software that constitute a stack of layers.

  12. Protocols • A networking protocol defines a set of rules, algorithms, messages and other mechanisms that enable software and hardware in networked devices to communicate effectively. A protocol usually describes a means for communication between corresponding entities at the same OSI Reference Model layer in two or more devices.

  13. Circuit Switching

  14. Packet Switching

  15. Connection-Oriented • A connection-oriented protocol is one where a logical connection is first established between devices prior to data being sent.

  16. Connectionless • In a connectionless protocol, data is just sent without a connection being created.

  17. Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols in TCP/IP • TCP/IP, it has two main protocols that operate at the transport layer of the OSI Reference Model. One is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which is connection-oriented; the other, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), is connectionless.

  18. Messages: Packets, Frames, Datagrams and Cells • Common Names For Messages • Packet/Datagram • Frame/Cell • Protocol Data Unit (PDU) and Service Data Unit (SDU)

  19. Message Formatting: Headers, Payloads and Footers • Fundamental Message Elements • Header • Data • Footer

  20. Message Addressing and Transmission Methods: • Message Transmission Methods • Unicast Messages • Broadcast Messages • Multicast Messages

  21. Transmission Methods

  22. Message Addressing Methods • Unicast Addressing • Broadcast Addressing • Multicast Addressing

  23. Types and Sizes of Networks • Local Area Networks (LANs) • Wireless Local Area Networks (Wireless LANs or WLANs): • Wide Area Networks (WANs) • Campus Area Networks (CANs): • Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs): • WMANs; IEEE 802.16 is an example of a WMAN standard • Personal Area Networks (PANs)

  24. Network Types • Define Local Area Networks (LANs) • A network serving a home, building or campus is considered a Local Area Network (LAN)

  25. Network Types • Define Wide Area Networks (WANs) • LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)

  26. Network Types • Define the Internet • The internet is defined as a global mesh of interconnected networks

  27. Common Terms Describing the Size of Networks • Network • Sub-network (Subnet) • Segment (Network Segment) • Collision Domain • Broadcast Domain • Internetwork (or Internet)

  28. Network Performance Issues and Concepts • Balancing Network Performance with Key Non-Performance Characteristics • Design and Implementation Cost: • Quality • Standardization • Reliability • Expandability and Upgradability • Ease of Administration and Maintenance • Premises and Utility issues

  29. Performance Measurements • Speed • Bandwidth • Throughput • Latency

  30. Theoretical and Real-World Throughput, and Factors Affecting Network Performance • Normal Network Overhead • External Performance Limiters • Network Configuration Problems • The Effect of Asymmetry

  31. Basic Communication Modes of Operation • Simplex Operation • Half-Duplex Operation • Full-Duplex Operation

  32. Quality of Service (QoS) • Bandwidth Reservation • Latency Management: • Traffic Prioritization • Traffic Shaping • Network Congestion Avoidance

  33. Network Standards • Proprietary Standards • Open Standards • De Facto Standards

  34. International Networking Standards Organizations • International Organization for Standardization (ISO): • American National Standards Institute (ANSI): • Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC): • National Committee for Information Technology (NCITS): • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): • Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA): • Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA): • International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T): • EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI):

  35. Internet Standards Organizations • Internet Society (ISOC): • Internet Architecture Board (IAB): • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): • Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG): • Internet Research Task Force (IRTF): • Internet Research Steering Group (IRSG):

  36. Internet Registration Authorities and Registries • Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) • Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC): • American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN): • Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC): • Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Center (RIPE NCC): • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

  37. Internet Standards and the Request For Comment (RFC) • RFC Categories • Proposed Standard / Draft Standard / Standard: • Best Current Practice • Informational • Experimental • http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-index.html

  38. Q&A

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