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ITE3102 Network Fundamentals

ITE3102 Network Fundamentals. Review - Part 2. 6. Routing Destination networks. There are 5 networks. Directly-connected networks Networks connected to a router interface. At R1: 192.168.10.0, 192.168.11.0 , 210.2.3.4 / At R2: 210.2.3.4, 172.16.0.0, 172.31.0.0 Remote networks

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ITE3102 Network Fundamentals

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  1. ITE3102 Network Fundamentals Review - Part 2

  2. 6 RoutingDestination networks There are 5 networks • Directly-connected networks • Networks connected to a router interface. • At R1: 192.168.10.0, 192.168.11.0, 210.2.3.4 / At R2: 210.2.3.4, 172.16.0.0, 172.31.0.0 • Remote networks • Networks connected to other routers. • For R1: 172.16.0.0, 172.31.0.0 / For R2: 192.168.10.0, 192.168.11.0

  3. 6 RoutingKnowledge Needed in Routers R1 R2

  4. 6 RoutingPacket Forwarding • When a frameis received at an interface of a router, the router will strip off the frame to obtain the packet • The destination IP is examined to determine the destination network(the source and destination IP addresses never change) • The routing table is consulted to look for a route to the destination network; e.g. at R1, • Packet to 192.168.1.10 should be sent out via Fa0/1 • Packet to 172.31.0.10 should be sent out via Se0/0/0 • The router will re-encapsulate the packet into a frame which is then sent via the appropriate exit interface(the source and destination MAC addresses change)

  5. 6 Router Routing TablesDirect Routes • Created when an interface is configured with an IP address and is activated. R1#show ip route < . . . . . > C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C 192.168.11.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1 210.2.3.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 210.2.3.4 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 R2#show ip route < . . . . . > C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C 172.31.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1 210.2.3.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 210.2.3.4 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

  6. 6 Router Routing TablesRemote Routes • Static Routes • Manually configured on the local router by the network administrator • Easy to configure • Useful in a simple and only single network path from source to destination • Dynamic Routes • Obtained via a dynamic routing protocol that the local router enabled • Automatic reconfiguration for network changes • Scales well in large topologies

  7. 6 Router Routing TablesStatic Routes R1#show ip route < . . . . . S – static, . . . . . > S 172.16.0.0/16 [1/0] via 210.2.3.6 S 172.31.0.0/16 [1/0] via 210. 2.3.6 C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C 192.168.11.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1 210.2.3.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 210.2.3.4 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 R2#show ip route < . . . . . S – static, . . . . . > C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C 172.31.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1 S 192.168.10.0/24 [1/0] via 210.2.3.5 S 192.168.11.0/24 [1/0] via 210.2.3.5 210.2.3.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 210.2.3.4 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

  8. 6 Router Routing TablesDynamic Routes R1#show ip route < . . . . . R – RIP, . . . . . > R 172.16.0.0/16 [120/1] via 210.2.3.6, 00:00:19, Serial0/0/0 R 172.31.0.0/16 [120/1] via 210.2.3.6, 00:00:19, Serial0/0/0 C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C 192.168.11.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1 210.2.3.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 210.2.3.4 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 R2#show ip route < . . . . . R – RIP, . . . . . > C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C 172.31.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1 R 192.168.10.0/24 [120/1] via 210.2.3.5, 00:00:09, Serial0/0/0 R 192.168.11.0/24 [120/1] via 210.2.3.5, 00:00:09, Serial0/0/0 210.2.3.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 210.2.3.4 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

  9. 7 Transportation of DataTransport Layer Protocols Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • Provides reliable delivery ensuring that all of the data arrives at the destination.  • Uses acknowledged delivery and other processes to ensure delivery • Makes larger demands on the network – more overhead User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Provides just the basic functions for delivery – no reliability • Less overhead

  10. 7 Introducing TCP and UDPnetstat • Used to examine TCP connections that are open and running on a networked host • 6 sessions • 1 client • Browsing different web sites

  11. 7 Transportation of DataConversation Multiplexing Segmenting the data • Enables many different communications, from many different users, to be interleaved (multiplexed) on the same network, at the same time. • Provides the means to both send and receive data when running multiple applications. • Header added to each segment to identify it.

  12. 7 Introducing TCP and UDPTCP and UDP Port Addressing

  13. 7 Introducing TCP and UDPTCP and UDP Port Addressing

  14. 7 TCP CommunicationTCP Connection Establishment

  15. 7 Reliability and Flow ControlOrdered Delivery Sequence numbers are used to reassemble segments into original order

  16. Reliability and Flow ControlAcknowledgement and Window Size 7 The sequence number and acknowledgement number are used together to confirm receipt. Window Size - The amount of data that a source can transmit before an acknowledgement must be received.

  17. 7 Reliability and Flow ControlCongestion Avoidance

  18. 7 TCP CommunicationTCP Session Termination

  19. 8b IPv6 AddressingIPv6 Address Representation • 128 bits in length and written as a string of hexadecimal values • In IPv6, 4 bits represents a single hexadecimal digit, 32 hexadecimal values = IPv6 address • 2001:0DB8:0000:1111:0000:0000:0000:0200 • FE80:0000:0000:0000:0123:4567:89AB:CDEF • Hextetused to refer to a segment of 16 bits or four hexadecimals • Can be written in either lowercase or uppercase

  20. 8b IPv6 AddressingRule 1- Omitting Leading 0s • The first rule to help reduce the notation of IPv6 addresses is any leading 0s (zeros) in any 16-bit section or hextet can be omitted • 01AB can be represented as 1AB • 09F0 can be represented as 9F0 • 0A00 can be represented as A00 • 00AB can be represented as AB

  21. 8b IPv6 AddressingRule 2- Omitting All 0 Segments (compressed format) • A double colon (::) can replace any single, contiguous string of one or more 16-bit segments (hextets) consisting of all 0’s • Double colon (::) can only be used once within an address otherwise the address will be ambiguous

  22. 8b Types of IPv6 AddressesIPv6 Address Types • There are three types of IPv6 addresses: • Unicast- An IPv6 unicast address uniquely identifies an interface on an IPv6-enabled device. • Multicast- An IPv6 multicast address is used to send a single IPv6 packet to multiple destinations. • Anycast- An IPv6 anycast address is any IPv6 unicast address that can be assigned to multiple devices. A packet sent to an anycast address is routed to the nearest device having that address. • Note: IPv6 does not have broadcast addresses.

  23. 10 Application Session and PresentationApplication Layer Protocols

  24. 10 Application, Session and PresentationTCP/IP Application Layer Protocols Domain Name Service Protocol (DNS, TCP/UDP port 53) - resolves Internet names to IP addresses Telnet (TCP/UDP port 23) - a terminal emulation protocol used to provide remote access to servers and networking devices Secure Shell(SSH, TCP/UDP port 22) - a network protocol for secure data communication and remote command execution Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP, UDPs port 67, 68, a network protocol used to obtain IP address information during bootup Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP, UDP ports 67, 68) - automatically assigns an IP address, subnet mask, default gateway and DNS server to a host Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP, TCP port 80 / HTTPS, TCP port 443) - transfers files that make up the Web pages of the World Wide Web

  25. 10 Application, Session and PresentationTCP/IP Application Layer Protocols File Transfer Protocol (FTP, TCP port 21, TCP/UDP port 20)- interactive file transfer between systems Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP, UDP port 69) - connectionless active file transfer Server Message Block (SMB, TCP port 445) – file sharing in Microsoft networks Samba (TCP port 139) – file and print sharing between computers running Windows and computers running Unix Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP, TCP port 25) - forward emails Post Office Protocol (POP3, TCP port 110) - deliver email with original deleted Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP3, TCP/UDP port 220)– deliver email with original kept

  26. 3 Protocol SuitesTCP/IP Protocol Suite and Communication

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