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Soil

Foraging Ecosystem. Sun. Humans. Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc. Energy. Labor: Collecting Processing. Air. Carbon, Oxygen. Nutrients Water. Useless plant. Useful plant. Soil. Shifting Agricultural Ecosystem. Sun. Humans. Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc.

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Soil

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  1. Foraging Ecosystem Sun Humans Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc. Energy Labor: Collecting Processing Air Carbon, Oxygen Nutrients Water Useless plant Useful plant Soil

  2. Shifting Agricultural Ecosystem Sun Humans Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc. Energy Labor: Clearing Burning Planting Fencing Weeding Harvesting Pest Control Storage Etc. Air Carbon, Oxygen Nutrients Water Useless plant Useful plant Soil

  3. Shifting Agricultural Ecosystem Sun Humans Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc. Energy Labor: Clearing Burning Planting Fencing Weeding Harvesting Pest Control Storage Etc. Useful plants Air Carbon, Oxygen Decomposition Nutrients Water Useless plant Ashes Less recently farmed More recently farmed Fallow area Farmed area

  4. Intensive Agricultural Ecosystem Sun Labor energy Water source Energy Humans Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc. Animals Manure (nutrients) Traction energy Irrigation Labor energy: Plowing Harrowing Planting Fencing Weeding Harvesting Pest Control Storage Etc. Air Useful plants (crops) Carbon, Oxygen Nutrients Water FARMLAND

  5. Industrial Monocrop Agricultural Ecosystem Sun Consumer goods $ Humans Energy Exchange Value Air -cides Carbon, Oxygen Fertilizer Single crops Nutrients Water source Irrigation Nutrients Water Machinery energy: Plowing Harrowing, Planting Fencing, Weeding Harvesting, Pest Control, Storage, etc. Fossil Fuel FARMLAND

  6. Agricultural Intensification Poplation density Surplus Net energy/ land Output/input ratio Energy output per unit of land Energy Input per unit of land Foraging Shifting Agriculture Intensive Agriculture

  7. Agricultural Intensification

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