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EOC Final Review

EOC Final Review. SHORT-TERM (quick) ENERGY. 1. BENEDICTS SOLUTION. 1. SUGAR. 2. STARCH. 1. IODINE SOLUTION. LONG-TERM (quick) ENERGY. 1 GLYCEROL & 3 FATTY ACIDS. BROWN PAPER BAG TEST. INSULATION and PADDING. MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BODY. AMINO ACIDS. BIURET’S SOLUTION.

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EOC Final Review

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  1. EOC Final Review

  2. SHORT-TERM (quick) ENERGY 1. BENEDICTS SOLUTION 1. SUGAR 2. STARCH 1. IODINE SOLUTION LONG-TERM (quick) ENERGY 1 GLYCEROL & 3 FATTY ACIDS BROWN PAPER BAG TEST INSULATION and PADDING MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BODY AMINO ACIDS BIURET’S SOLUTION NUCLEOTIDE (1 phosphate, 1 sugar, 1 nitrogen base) HOLD GENETIC INFORMATION HOLD RECIPE TO MAKE PROTEINS 1. ALL LIVING THINGS 2. DNA FINGERPRINTING

  3. Identify the following molecules: • Whatelement is in all ORGANIC molecules? • NUCLEIC ACID • (DNA) • CARBON • NUCLEOTIDE • What a monomer? • Building Block – subunit • Ex.: 1 amino acid • What 3 parts make up a nucleotide? • 1 PHOSPHATE • 1 SUGAR • 1 NITROGEN BASE • What a polymer? • Monomers connected together • – macromolecule (big molecule) • Ex.: Protein • LIPID • (Fats, Oils, Waxes) • PROTEIN • CARBOHYDRATE • (SUGAR) • CARBOHYDRATE • (STARH)

  4. What Macromolecules Are Involved? • Enzymes are this type of molecule • Used for long-term energy storage • Proteins • This molecule typically ends in -OSE • Lipids • Carbohydrates • Animals need this for warmth in cold environments • This molecule typically ends in -ASE • This helps rebuild muscles and tissue • Codes for proteins which code for traits • Nucleic Acid • Proteins • Proteins • (enzymes) • Iodine solution is used to test • Starches • Used for quick short-term energy • Carbohydrates • Benedicts solution is used to test • Sugars • Biurets solution is used to test • Proteins • This holds the recipe for making proteins • Lipids for Insulation • Grease on brown paper bag is used to test • Lipids • Nucleic Acid

  5. PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS A I J D H E G C F B ALL PROTEINS!!!!!

  6. BOTH Stores ALL of the important information for the cell Decides what comes in and out of cell BOTH Extra support and protection for plant cells PLANTS ONLY Provides energy for the cell (ATP) BOTH Plants have 1 LARGE vacuole BOTH Stores material Animals have multiple small ones Photosynthesis to make food for plant (glucose) PLANTS ONLY Makes proteins (site of protein synthesis) BOTH

  7. PLANT ANIMAL CELL MEMBRANE NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES RIBOSOMES VACUOLE CELL WALL CELL MEMBRANE MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLAST

  8. CELL WALL CHLOROPLAST VACUOLE (large) ADD FREE-FLOATING DNA……. PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC NO NUCLEUS HAS A NUCLEUS NO MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES (ONLY RIBOSOMES) HAS MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES PLASMIDS (circular DNA) DNA IN NUCLEUS (in chromosomes) LARGER, COMPLEX, YOUNGER SMALL, SIMPLE, OLDER

  9. ADD slide • Pop up clues for pro vs. euk • ADD pictures!!!!!

  10. Add slides with pictures of the organelles and have student verbally respond based on image… • Ask students name and job • PLANTS AND ANIMALS BOTH HAVE VACULOES…plants have one large central one

  11. Add slide with different cell types with function for each • Stems cells • What are they • Embryonic vs. adult comparisons • Ask students name & function…key characteristics • SAME DNA…different genes turned on • Give examples… • I am a cell with genes turn on to make proteins for: fast communication, stretching, swimming….etc. • I use chemical messangers called neurotransmitter to send fast messages around the body… Sending messages

  12. Unit 3 Reminders: • Cell specialization/differentiation: • Where do all cell originally come from (what type of cell)? • Do all cells have the same DNA? • Do all cells have the same function (job)? • What makes a muscle cell and a nerve cell different? • REMEMBER: all cells have the same DNA, but different jobs! The only difference are the GENES that are turned on or off in each cell – this determines their job!

  13. LOW HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW PROTEIN LOW HIGH PROTEIN

  14. YES NO HIGH to LOW LOW to HIGH ADD IMAGES OF ACTIVE & PASSIVE TRANSPORT….also addpic of trucks going up vs down hill…emphasize energy vs. no energy

  15. Transport Reminders: • ALWAYS draw you box-circle model • When the molecules CANNOT move it is OSMOSIS • WATER moves high to low • Use the salt concentration. Subtract from 100% (inside and outside). The left remaining amount is the water concentration. Move the water from the high concentration to the low concentration. 3. If water moves… • OUT = the cell will SHRINK or SHRIVEL • IN = the cell will SWELL or BURST

  16. 20% salt LOW (water) Water will move out of the cell and it will SHRINK 80% water 100% water 0% salt HIGH (water) 100% water HIGH (water) 0% salt Water will move into of the cell and it will SWELL 20% salt 80% water LOW (water)

  17. MAINTAINING BALANCE WITHIN AN ORGANISM ADD pictures of homeostasis (shivering vs. sweating), monitoring amount of water salt, sugar, heart rate breathing etc. for body Have pictures pop up and have students explain what is being balanced.

  18. Homeostasis… Maintaining internal BALANCE Explain why these are examples of HOMEOSTASIS: What does it mean? Shivering when it’s cold out Sweating when it’s hot out Insulin released by the pancreas Respiration Water balance in an organisms

  19. 70% water L 90% water H 90% water 90% water SHRINK EQUILLIBRIUM 98% water REMINDER: SOLUTE = substance in the water (salt, sugar, etc.) H 90% water L SWELL

  20. Real life application of osmosis… • What happens when you don’t water your plants… The VACUOLE loses water (water leaves the cell), so the cell SHRINKS or SHRIVELS, causing the plant to wilt and die.

  21. ENZYME ENZYME PRODUCTS SUBSTRATE (reactant) ENZYME- SUBSTRATE COMPLEX ACTIVE SITE ADD other pics of enzyme reactions to jog memory ENZYME = catalyst

  22. Enzyme Reminders: • What does a catalyst do? • ENZYMES ARE CATALYSTS!!! • Speed up reaction • Speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy • How can you denature an enzyme? • What do enzymes do? • Temperature & pH • What does denatured mean? • Shapes changes – • STOPS working • Product 1 • Product 2 • Enzyme-Substrate Complex • Substrate/Reactant • Enzyme • Enzyme • Enzyme • Enzyme

  23. PROTEINS THE SHAPE OF THE ACTIVE SITE YES – ENZYMES ARE REUSED FOR THE SAME SPECIFIC TYPE OF REACTIONS, UNLESS THE ACTIVE SITE IS DENATURED (the shape is changed). pH AND TEMPERATURE CAN DENATURE THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME. IF THE ACTIVE SITE CHANGES SHAPE, THE ENZYME CAN NO LONGER PERFORM AT AN OPTIMAL LEVEL AND MAY STOP WORKING.

  24. ACID 3 9 BASE OPTIMAL pH Scale: Acidic = 0-6 (lots of H+) Basic = 8-14 (little H+) Neutral = 7 (water)

  25. SUN (energy) + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) + WATER (H2O)  OXYGEN (O2) + GLUCOSE (C6H12O6) CHLOROPLAST CO2 O2 Carbon Dioxide CO2 Glucose C6 H12 O6 Water H2 O Oxygen O2 SUN (energy)

  26. OXYGEN (O2) + GLUCOSE (C6H12O6)  36 ATP + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) + WATER (H2O) MITOCHONDRIA Carbon Dioxide CO2 Glucose C6 H12 O6 Water H2 O Oxygen O2 ATP (energy)

  27. AEROBIC REPIRATION USES OXYGEN AND CREATES 36 ATP ANAEROBIC REPIRATION DOES NOT USE OXYGEN AND CREATES 2 ATP IN ANIMAL MUSCLE Remember: FERMENTATION is another name for ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN YEAST AND BACTERIA THE PRODUCTS ARE: 2 ATP, CARBON DIOXIDE, and ETHYL ALCOHOL ADD comparison of AEROBIC vs. ANAEROBIC ADD role of ATP

  28. SUN going IN WATER going IN OXYGEN being RELEASED

  29. C T G G C T SUGAR

  30. DNA: • Picture • Role of hydrogen bonds • Picture of protein synthesis • Labeled • Dna replication happens when DNA unwinds, hydrogen bonds are broken and new nucleotides bond following base pairing rules… • DNA determine genotypes, which determine phenotypes..

  31. GCU CUG Ala- Leu- 3 mRNA letters (nitrogen bases) Show VISUALS OF LETTERS!!!!!

  32. ADD • Examples of DNA – MRNA • MRNA – protein • MRNA -> DNA

  33. RIBOSE DEOXYRIBOSE A, G, C, T A, G, C, U 1 (single helix) 2 (double helix) NUCLEUS & CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS DELIVERS GENETIC MESSAGES TO MAKE PROTEINS HOLDS GENETIC INFORMATION TO CODE FOR PROTEINS PEPTIDE BONDS

  34. PROTEINS TRANSCRIPTON TRANSLATION TRANSPORT DNA MESSAGE FROM NUCLEUS TO RIBOSOME READ mRNA MESSAGE (anticodon) AND BRING CORRECT AMINO ACID TO THE RIBOSOME STORES GENETIC INFORMATION FOR LIFE MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS IN BODY (health, repair, communication, digestion, speed up reactions) mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM RIBOSOME tRNA PROTEIN ACID AMINO TRUE EVERY CELL HAS THE SAME DNA, BUT A DIFFERENT JOB. THE DIFFERENT JOBS ARE DETERMINED BY THE GENES THAT ARE TURNED ON OR OFF IN A CELL.

  35. mutations • Substitute – point…one amino acid changed AT MOST • Insertion/deletion – amnio acid sequence is changed from point of mutation • Totally different protein formed!! • DNA RNAPROTEIN

  36. SEXUAL ASEXUAL 2N = DIPLOID 2N = DIPLOID 2N = DIPLOID N = HAPLOID 2 1 2 4 50 chromosomes 25 chromosomes BEFORE CELL DIVISION BEFORE 1st CELL DIVISION NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES NO YES

  37. ADD PICTURES • Mitosis • BINARY FISSION WITH PICTURES • Meiosis • Fertilization • Crossing over • Non-disjunction • Random assortment • ADD MEMORY TRICKS!!!

  38. MITOSIS MEIOSIS MEIOSIS BOTH! MITOSIS MEIOSIS ADD COMPARISON CHART OF MIT vs, MEI ADD PICTURE OF MITOSIS/MEIOSIS CELL CYCLE – INTERPHASE!! For Dna rep GROWTH REPAIR IN ORDER FOR MITOSIS TO OCCUR: dna Replicates and CENTRIOLES grow and divide to be able to release spindle fibers REPLACING DEAD OR WORN OUT CELLS

  39. C Interphase= DNA Replication INTERPHASE Prophase = chromosomes form; nucleus breaks down; spindle fibers appear B ANAPHASE (away) PROPHASE (first) E Metaphase = chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase = chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibers A TELOPHASE (2 new cells) METAPHASE (middle) Telophase= nucleus reforms; cytoplasm divides; 2 new cells D MEIOSIS GAMETE (egg) FERTILIZATION ZYGOTE (1st diploid cell) MITOSIS EMBRYO ADULT GAMETE (sperm) MEIOSIS

  40. Phenotype = Tall Tt tt Genotype = _____ _____ ______ TT 1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%) SHORT Phenotype = _________ _________ TALL 1 (25%) 3 (75%) 1:2:1 3:1 1. Nutrition and health 2. Environment may favor tall trait = trees (food) may grow taller favoring tall organism. Tall would be able to eat, survive and reproduce. Short ones would die off.

  41. Genetics • Add comparison chart • Add big slide showing model for each type of problem… • Determine what code • Parents? • Box • Frequencies?

  42. 100% PINK FLOWERS RR’ Genotype = _____ _____ ______ RR R’R’ 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) PINK WHITE 100% R’R’ Phenotype = ______ _______ _______ RED 0 (0%) 4 (100%) 0 (0%) R R Phenotypes: RED, WHITE, PINK R’ R R’ R R’ Genotypes: RR= RED RR’= PINK R’R’= WHITE R’ R R’ R R’ Parents: R’R’ ______ x _______ RR

  43. 25% RED; 50% PINK; 25% WHITE 25% RR; 50% RR’; 25% R’R’ R’ R Parents: ______ x _______ RR’ RR’ R R R R’ R Genotype = _____ _____ ______ RR RR’ R’R’ R’ R R’ R’ R’ 1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%) Phenotype = ______ _______ _______ RED PINK WHITE 1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%)

  44. 100% Black-and-Tan offspring BT Genotype = _____ _____ ______ BB TT 100% BT 4 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Tan Black+Tan Phenotype = _____ _____ ______ Black BB x TT 4 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Phenotypes: Black Black-and-Tan Tan B B T B Genotypes: BB = Black T B T BT = Black + Tan TT = Tan T B T Parents: B T _______ x _______ BB TT

  45. XY XX Sex-linked traits travel on the X-chromosome 25% chance of child with hemophilia (1 son) 0% chance of daughter with hemophilia 25% chance of daughter being a carrier 1 0 1 Males only have 1 X – so they have it or they don’t 1 1 0 Phenotype: Healthy, carrier, Hemophilia (sick) XR Xr Xr XR XR XR XR Genotype: XRXR = healthy female XRY = healthy male XRXr = carrier female XrY = sick male Y XrXr = sick female XR Y Xr Y Parents: XRY ______ x ______ XRXr

  46. 25% change of child with Type O 0% change of child with homozygous Type A 25% change of child with Type AB Genotype: ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ oo AA Ao BB Bo AB Phenotype: Type A, B, AB, or O 0 (0%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) Type B Phenotype: _______ _______ _______ _______ Type A Type AB Type O 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) Genotype: A o Type A: AA or Ao Type B: BB or Bo B A B B o Type AB: AB Type O: oo A o Bo What we know: Parents: _____ x _____ Ao o o o Mom: Type A (AA or Ao) Dad: Type B (BB or Bo) Baby: Type O (oo)

  47. Narrowing it down: Phenotype: Type A, B, AB, or O What we know: If the child is blood Type O, then both parents have to give an ‘o’ allele. Mom: Type A (AA or Ao) Baby: Type O (oo) Genotype: Dad: 1. Type AB (AB) 2. Type A (AA or Ao) 3. Type O (oo) Type A: AA or Ao This leaves means Mom has to be heterozygous Type A (Ao). Type B: BB or Bo Dad 3 could be the father because he is Type O (oo) and can give an ‘o’ allele. Type AB: AB Type O: oo Dad 2 could be the father only is he is heterozygous Type A (Ao), because he must have an ‘o’ allele to give. Dad 1 could NOT be the father because he is blood Type AB (AB). He does not have an ‘o’ allele to give, so he cannot be the father of a child with Type O (oo) blood.

  48. SKIN COLOR, HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR MULTIPLE ALLELES HAVE MORE THEN TWO ALLELES THAT CAN CODE FOR A DIFFERENT TRAITS, BUT ALL OF THE ALLELES ARE LOCATED ON THE SAME GENE. AN EXAMPLE OF MULTIPLE ALLELES ARE BLOOD TYPES (A, B, O). POLYGENIC TRAITS HAVE MORE THEN TWO ALLELES THAT CAN CODE FOR A DIFFERENT TRAITS, BUT THE ALLELES ARE LOCATED ON THE DIFFERNT GENES. THIS CREATES A VERY WIDE RANGE OF PHENOTYPES. EXAMPLES OF POLYGENIC TRAITS ARE HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR, AND SKIN COLOR. ADD image to show the difference

  49. AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE Autosomal = because there are an equal number of males and females affected. Recessive = because there are an equal number of males and females affected. Aa Aa aa A_ A_ Aa aa Aa Aa A_ aa A_

  50. Pedigree reminders • If you don’t have it you cant give it! • Healthy parents with sick child • Pedigree rules: • Auto vs. sex • Dom vs. rec • Start with recessive and work backwards

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