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EOC Review

EOC Review. What to Review. Genetics Cell Transport Cell Cycle Ecology & Behavior DNA Organic Molecules Cell Structure & Function Cellular Respiration Ecology & Pollution Classification Red = 5 or less got correct Orange = 6-10 got correct

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EOC Review

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  1. EOC Review

  2. What to Review Genetics Cell Transport Cell Cycle Ecology & Behavior DNA Organic Molecules Cell Structure & Function Cellular Respiration Ecology & Pollution Classification Red = 5 or less got correct Orange = 6-10 got correct Yellow = 11-15 got correct

  3. Cell Structure and Function • Differentiation • Prokaryote vs Eukaryote • Cell Structure • Cell Organelles

  4. Differentiation (#2, #22) • Process in which the cells of a multicellular individual become specialized during development • Occurs because different genes in the cells are activated (or not activated) during development Nerve Cells Blood Cells Brain Cells Stem Cells

  5. Prokaryote vs Eukaryote (#41, #1, #21) Eukaryote: HAS membrane bound organelles HAS a nucleus plant and animal cells; found in most organisms Prokaryote: NO membrane bound organelles NO nucleus bacteria are an example

  6. Prokaryote - Bacteria Nucleoid Few internal structures Single cell Cell wall Flagella, cilia Eukaryote - Plant Eukaryote - Animal Ribosomes Cell membrane Centrioles Cytoskeleton Chloroplasts Nucleus Nucleolus Vacuole Lysosome Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria

  7. Cell Cycle • Stages of the Cell Cycle • Mitosis vs Meiosis • Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction

  8. Stages of the Cell Cycle (#24)

  9. Mitosis vs Meiosis (#11, #43)

  10. Meiosis allows for genetic variation within organisms gametes (sex cells) to have half the number of chromosomes as the parent In asexual reproduction the offspring are genetically identical to the parent organism In sexual reproduction the offspring are genetically different from the parent organisms • Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction (#51, #52)

  11. DNA • DNA coding for proteins • Cell, protein and DNA relationship • DNA structure and function • DNA fingerprinting

  12. DNA Structure and Function (#19) • Store important information for cell function • Create proteins within a cell

  13. DNA Coding for Proteins (#42) • Replication • DNA to DNA • Transcription • DNA to mRNA • Translation • mRNA to protein

  14. Cell, protein and DNA relationship (#10, #58) • DNA contains the code to make the required proteins to support a cell’s function • Think about the instruction book for putting together a complicated piece of furniture or electronics • Proteins are made of amino acids • The order of amino acids (and the protein that is made) is ultimately determined by the DNA in the cell’s nucleus

  15. DNA Fingerprinting (#53)

  16. Genetics • Transgenic Organisms • Genetic crosses • Mutations

  17. Transgenic Organisms (#14, #34) • A host organism that receives recombinant DNA • This type of genetic engineering can be used for many purposes • treating or curing certain diseases • treating genetic disorders • improve food crops

  18. Mutations (#35) • “any change in an organism’s DNA” • Change DNA  Change RNA  change protein • Somatic Cell Mutations 1. cannot be passed to offspring 2. ex) Cancer (human skin cancer, leukemia) • Germ-Cell Mutations 1. occur in organism’s germ cell (gametes) 2. can be passed on to offspring

  19. Genetic Crosses (#32) • “traits who genes are found on the X chromosome” • Genotypes example 1. XHXH – normal female 2. XHXh – normal female who is a carrier 3. XhXh – abnormal female 4. XHY – normal male 5. XhY – abnormal male

  20. Ecology and Pollution (#28, #27, #47, #48) • Burning fossil fuels • Chemicals combine with water vapor in the air to form acid rain • CO2 emissions retain heat near Earth’s surface contributing to global warming • Use of CFCs • Deplete the Earth’s ozone layer decreasing protection from the Sun’s UV radiation • Deforestation • Reduced ability to absorb CO2 contributing to global warming as well as increased erosion • Nuclear Power • Potential release of radiation

  21. Ecology • Natural Selection • Animal Locomotion • Animal Behavior

  22. Natural Selection (#16, #36) “organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than other organisms” 1. Adaptation 2. Competition *selection conditions change as the demands of the environment change *if change is too extreme and organism can’t change, they become extinct or die

  23. Paramecium - cilia • Animal Locomotion (#44) Amoeba - pseudopod Euglena - flagellum

  24. Animal Behavior (#45) • LEARNED • Learning how to respond to a stimuli, usually by observation or trial and error • Imprinting • Habituation • INATE • Instinctive response to a stimuli; genetic • Circadian rhythms • Annual rhythms • Hibernation and migration

  25. Cellular Transport • Active vs Passive Transport • Homeostasis • Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic

  26. Homeostasis (#3) • “biological balance between a cell or organism and it’s external environment” • maintained by the cell controlling what enters and exits (plasma cell membrane) • cells use active and passive transport mechanisms to maintain homeostasis

  27. Active vs Passive Transport (#60) • Types of Active Transport • Endocytosis, exocytosis, NA-K Pump • USESenergy (ATP) • Moves molecules from areas of LOW concentration to areas of HIGH concentration • Types of Passive Transport • Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis • DOES NOT use energy • Moves molecules from areas of HIGH concentration to areas of LOW concentration

  28. HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC HYPERTONIC • Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic (#23) LESS solute outside the cell than inside. MORE water outside the cell than inside CELL SWELLS SAME solute amount both inside and outside the cell. SAME water amount both inside and outside the cell. HOMEOSTASIS MORE solute outside the cell than inside. LESS water outside the cell than inside. CELL SHRINKS

  29. Organic Molecules (#18, #38) CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS LIPIDS Contain: CHON Building Blocks: nucleotides – adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil Used: stores important information in the cell, codes for proteins Examples: DNA, RNA Contain: CHO Building Blocks: monosaccharides disaccharides Polysaccharides Used: to provide energy to living organisms Examples: Mono- glucose, fructose, galactose Di- sucrose Poly- glycogen, chitin, starch, cellulose Contain: CHO Building Blocks: fatty acids arranged as triglycerides, phospholipids, wax; includes steriods Used: to provide protection, insulation and energy storage Examples:trilauroylglycerol; lecithin; cholesterol, testosterone Contain: CHON Building Blocks: amino acids – there are 20 different ones Used: to provide shape and support Examples: hormones, hemoglobin, insulin, enzymes

  30. Cellular Respiration (#59,#20) Aerobic – uses oxygen Anaerobic – does NOT use oxygen Makes the most ATP (32-38) Makes only 2 ATP Includes lactic acid fermentation (muscles) and alcohol fermentation

  31. Classification (#17) Kingdom AnimaliaAnimaliaAnimalia Phylum ChordataChordataCnidaria Class Mammalia Mammalia Hydrozoa Order Primates PrimatesSiphonophorae Family HominidaeHominidaePhysaliidae Genus Homo Pan Physalia Species sapiens troglodytes physalis HUMAN CHIMP PORTUGUESE MAN O’ WAR

  32. Cladograms • “uses derived characters to establish evolutionary relationships” • Cladograms – diagram showing relationship among animals • Derived characteristic * ex) Jaws, Lungs, Nails - everything to the right have jaws - everything to the left does not

  33. Phylogenetic tree *evolutionary past * base of tree = common ancestor

  34. Biotic Relationships • Competition – when two organisms compete for the same thing • Predation – when one organism uses another organism for food • Symbiosis – when two organisms or different species live in close association with one another • parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, mimicry

  35. Parasitism – one organism gets nutrients from a host organism • One benefits, one suffers • Commensalism – one organism benefits, the other is neither helped or harmed • One benefits, one neutral • Mutualism – both organisms benefit • Both benefit • Mimicry – when a harmless species resembles a poisonous or distasteful one • Ex. Monarch and Viceroy butterflies; eastern coral snake and scarlet king snake

  36. DNA to Proteins • STEP 1: REPLICATION (make a copy) DNA to DNA • STEP 2: TRANSCRIPTION (convert to mRNA) DNA to mRNA • STEP 3: TRANSLATION (figure out the amino acid) mRNA to amino acid

  37. DNA Replication -process where DNA makes a copy of itself (DNA  DNA) CCT TAC CCG AAA TAC GCA ACT TAC CTA TTA CGA TAG

  38. Transcription • mRNA is made from DNA in the nucleus • Pairing Rules Replicated DNA mRNA Adenine  Uracil Thymine  Adenine Cytosine  Guanine Guanine  Cytosine

  39. DNA TTA CGA CTA GGC GCT Comp. DNA mRNA DNA GGC TAT TCG GCA AAT Comp. DNA mRNA Practice

  40. TRANSLATION • Making proteins from mRNA • Occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome

  41. Practice DNA: AAT CTA GGT CGT ATG GGG mRNA: Translate:

  42. PMAT

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