Jean-Christophe Dumont and Georges Lemaître

1. Counting immigrants and expatriates : a new perspective(Published in « Trends in International Migration » OECD 2005) Jean-Christophe Dumont and Georges Lemaître Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, OECD ECE-Eurostat Seminar on International Migration, Geneva 21-23 March 2005

2. OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates Next steps Rationale for the project • Problems in the comparability of immigrant stocks • Concerns related to the international mobility of the highly skilled : - among OECD member countries - from developing countries • Limited availability of statistics on expatriates, especially by level of education and occupation

3. OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates Next steps • An international database on Foreign-Born • Data collection and compilation • 29 OECD National Statistic Offices and OECD • Observers : UN Statistics Division, Eurostat, European Commission, ILO, UNECE • Data collection and compilation • Data are mainly from OECD population censuses and population registers • Data were compiled on : • - Immigrant population in OECD countries • - Expatriate population from all countries to OECD countries • - Migrants by origin / destination and educational attainment

4. OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates Next steps • Definitions • The immigrant population • A literal definition => persons who have immigrated into their current country of residence => persons born abroad • Includes persons born abroad as nationals of the current country of residence • Takes no account of possible past migration movements of persons currently resident in their country of birth • Does not include native-born persons of immigrant parents • Alternative definition => the foreign population • Classification of persons can change • Confounded by possibility of multiple citizenships • Does not necessarily reflect a migration movement

5. OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates Next steps • Definitions • Reference population • Usual residents by detailed country of birth, nationality and nationality at birth • Working rule for countries of birth • People born in states or territories belonging to the country of residence are considered as “native-born” • Education level (population 15+) • Less than upper secondary (ISCED 0/1/2) • Upper secondary and post secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3/4) • Tertiary (5a/5b and 6)

6. OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates Next steps • Limits • Data on stocks represent the cumulative effect of net migration flows over past decades • Imperfect, heteregenous and unknown coverage of certain categories of migrants : undocumented migrants, temporary migrants, asylum seekers … • Some persons with unknown country of birth and/or educational level • Specific hypotheses for some countries (Japan, Korea, Germany) • Problems for decomposed / recomposed countries of origin

7. Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates Next steps 7 OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA • Statistics on foreign born population in OECD countries provides a new -and more accurate- picture of migration Percentage of Percentage foreign born of foreigners AUS CAN CZE FRA GRC NLD SWE USA 23.0 19.3 1.2 5.6 7.0 4.2 5.3 12.3 7.4 5.3 4.5 10.0 10.3 10.1 12.0 6.6

8. Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates Next steps 8 OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA • A significant share of foreign born in OECD countries originate from other OECD countries (36.3 million people or 46% of all foreign born)

9. Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates Next steps Expatriates as a percentage of all native-born, OECD countries Total population and highly skilled 25.0 Total population Highly skilled 20.0 15.0 10.0 9 OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA 5.0 0.0 AUT PRT FRA IRL NZL FIN JPN ESP AUS BEL USA MEX KOR CAN DNK DEU HUN LUX NOR POL GBR TUR NLD GRC CHE SWE CSFR • The incidence of expatriation varies substantially from one country to another

10. Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates Next steps 10 OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA • Highly skilled international migration is an important part of all migration flows Percentage of persons with tertiary education in selected OECD countries Native-born Foreign Born Expatriates CAN31.538.040.0 CHE18.123.738.4 FRA16.918.140.4 HUN10.719.8 30.0 KOR26.732.2 43.6 NZL27.031.6 42.9 SWE22.824.2 38.9 USA26.925.947.2

11. Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates Next steps 11 OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA • Asia, Europe and Africa are the major regions of origin for highly skilled

12. Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates Next steps 12 OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA • Within the OECD area, only eight countries are net beneficiaries from the migration of the highly educated ...

13. Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates Next steps 13 OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA • … but, as whole, most OECD countries benefit from the international mobility of the highly skilled

14. Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates Next steps • Some countries, especially in the Caribbean and in Africa, face significant emigration rates of their elites (sometimes exceeding 50%) OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA 14

15. 15 OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates Next steps • The database is available online on the OECD website • www.oecd.org/document/16/0,2340,en_2649_33931_33865936_1_1_1_1,00.html • The next phase of the project involve collection of more detailed information on demographic (gender, age, duration of stay) and labor market variables (employment status, occupation, sector of activity) • Data to be used for studies on specific occupations (e.g. Health; ICT; Education) • Extending the database to selected non-member countries ?