Unit 1 – Ecology Standards

1. Unit 1 – EcologyStandards • S7CS3. Students will use tools and instruments for observing, measuring, • S7CS5. Students will question scientific claims and arguments effectively. • S7CS6. Students will investigate the features of the process of scientific inquiry.

2. Ways of science • Scientific method • Ways that scientists follow steps to answer questions and solve problems

3. Ways of science • Steps in the scientific method • Note: steps are the same; order can change • Question/Problem • What do you want to know? • Research/Background info • Find out more about it. • Hypothesis (can be redone) • Develop the possible answer • If _____________, then __________. • Experiment/Procedures • Test the possible answer. • Analysis/Data • Examine the results. • Conclusion • Is the answer what you thought it would be? Explain.

4. Homework (8/18/11) • Write out directions on how to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich!

5. Unit 1 - Ecology(Interdependence of Life Fall 2011 Mrs. Cole 7th grade science

6. Unit 1 – Ecology: Standards S7L1 Students will investigate the diversity of living organisms and how they can be compared scientifically. • b. Classify organisms based on a six-kingdom system and a dichotomous key. • S7L4 Students will examine the dependence of organisms on one another and their environments. • c. Recognize that changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of both individuals and entire species. • e. Describe the characteristics of Earth’s major terrestrial biomes (i.e., tropical rain forest, savanna, temperate, desert, taiga, tundra, and mountain) and aquatic communities (i.e., freshwater, estuaries, and marine).

7. Unit 1 – EcologyVocabulary • Ecology • Biotic • Abiotic • Biome • Ecosystem • Savanna • Desert • Tundra • Taiga • Aquatic • Tropical rain forest • Temperate deciduous forest • Freshwater • Estuary • Marine • Swamp • Marsh

8. Biomes ABIOTIC FACTORS BIOTIC FACTORS • Climate • Water • Sunlight • Wind • Rocks • Think…non-living things • Plants • Animals • Protists • Bacteria • Think…all living things

9. Ecology Ecosystem Biome • a community of organisms (living things - biotic) and their abiotic (non-living) environment • a very large area characterized by its climate and the plants and animals that live in that area.

10. Unit 1 – Ecology: Standards • S7L4 Students will examine the dependence of organisms on one another and their environments. • e. Describe the characteristics of Earth’s major terrestrial biomes (i.e., tropical rain forest, savanna, temperate, desert, taiga, tundra, and mountain) and aquatic communities (i.e., freshwater, estuaries, and marine). http://www.brainpop.com/

11. Terrestrial Biomes • Tundra • Climate • Average yearly rainfall: • 12 to 20 in (30 to 50 cm) • Average temps • Daytime: 54ºF (12ºC) • Nighttime: -26ºF (-15ºC) • Animals • Caribou, oxen, reindeer • Plants • Small shrubs and grasses • Layer of soil beneath the surface that stays frozen (permafrost)

12. Terrestrial Biomes • Taiga • Climate • Average yearly rainfall: • 15 to 30 in.(38 to 76 cm) – mostly snow • Average temps • Daytime: 70ºF (21ºC) • Nighttime: 20ºF (-7ºC) • Animals • Beavers, grizzly bears, wolves • Plants • Dense forests of evergreen trees

13. Terrestrial Biomes • Coniferous forests • Climate • Average yearly rainfall: 14 to 29.5 in (35 to 75 cm) • Average temps • Summer: 57ºF (14ºC) • Winter: 14ºF (-10ºC) • Animals • Deer, moose, squirrels, insects • Plants • Trees that produces seeds in cones (evergreen)

14. Terrestrial Biomes • Temperate deciduous forests • Climate • Average yearly rainfall: 29.5 to 49 in (75 to 125 cm) • Average temps • Summer: 82ºF (28º C) • Winter: 43ºF (6ºC) • Animals • Bears, snakes, birds, insects • Plants • Trees with leaves that change color and shed

15. Terrestrial Biomes • Tropical rain forests • Climate • Average yearly rainfall: • up to 157.5 in (400 cm) • Average temps • Daytime: 93ºF (34ºC) • Nighttime: 68ºF (20ºC) • Animals • Most diverse • Birds, reptiles, mammals • Plants • Tall trees that form green roofs (canopy) • Vines • Low plants

16. Terrestrial Biomes • Savanna • Climate • Average yearly rainfall: • up to 59 in (130 cm) • Average temps • Dry season: 93ºF (34ºC) • Wet season: 61ºF (16ºC) • Animals • Lions, elephants, zebra • Plants • Open grasslands that dry out and turn yellow during the dry season • Very few trees

17. Terrestrial Biomes • Desert • Climate • Average yearly rainfall: • Less than 10 in. (25 cm) • Average temps • Summer: 100ºF (38ºC) • Winter: 45ºF (7ºC) • Animals • Birds, rodents, snakes, lizard • Plants • Plants with fleshy leaves and stems and deep roots • Waxy coating to prevent water loss

18. Unit 1 – Ecology: Standards • S7L4 Students will examine the dependence of organisms on one another and their environments. • e. Describe the characteristics of Earth’s major terrestrial biomes (i.e., tropical rain forest, savanna, temperate, desert, taiga, tundra, and mountain) and aquatic communities (i.e., freshwater, estuaries, and marine). http://www.brainpop.com/

19. Aquatic Ecosystems Marine (Oceans) Freshwater • Intertidal • Near shore • Organisms live in and out of water • Coral reefs • Warm, shallow area • Coral, sponges, sea stars • Sargasso sea • Middle of the Atlantic ocean • Floating algae • Polar ice • Around the Arctic and Antarctica • Estuary • where salt meets fresh • mixture • Stream and river • Think ‘fast moving’ water • Rivers are simply strong, wide streams • Pond and lake • Enclosed body of water • Plants grow near the shoreline • Wetlands (area of land partially under water) • Marsh • Grasses, reeds, wild rice • Swamp • Trees and vines

20. Aquatic Ecosystems Marine (Oceans) • Intertidal • Location: Found near the shore • Type of water: Salt • Movement of water: crashing waves; constant movement • Plant life: plankton • Animal life: worms, clams, crabs

21. Aquatic Ecosystems Marine (Oceans) • Coral Reefs • Location: warm • Type of water: Salt • Movement of water: steady, subtle • Plant life: algae • Animal life: corals, sponges, sea stars

22. Aquatic Ecosystems Marine (Oceans) • Sargasso Sea • Location: middle of the Atlantic Ocean • Type of water: Salt • Movement of water: constant, subtle • Plant life: algae called sargassums

23. Aquatic Ecosystems Marine (Oceans) • Polar Ice (remember: ice is a form of water) • Location: around the Arctic and Antartica • Type of water: Salt • Movement of water: slow moving (lots of ice) • Plant life: plankton • Animal life: polar bears, penguins

24. Aquatic Ecosystems Estuary • Location: where fresh water spills into the ocean • Type of water: mixture of fresh and salt • Movement of water: swirling, mixing • Plant life: plankton, grasses • Animal life: large variety that can survive in changing concentrations of salt

25. Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater • Stream and River • Location: runs through land, into other streams/rivers, out to the ocean • Type of water: Fresh • Movement of water: fast moving • Plant life: large variety of plants, moss, algae • Animal life: fish, clams, snails, frogs, etc.

26. Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater • Ponds and Lakes • Location: surrounded by land • Type of water: Fresh • Movement of water: slower than rivers and streams • Plant life: cattails, rushes, algae • Animal life: frogs, turtles, fish, snakes, clams

27. Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater • Wetland (marshes and swamps) • Location: surrounded by land • Type of water: Fresh • Movement of water: slow moving or stagnant • Plant life: grasses, reeds, wild rice, vines • Animal life: fishes, snakes, birds, frogs, turtles • DIFFERENCE: swamps have trees; marshes don’t have trees.

28. Sum it all up! Terrestrial Biomes Aquatic Ecosystems • Tundra • Taiga • Coniferous forest • Temperate deciduous forest • Tropical rain forest • Savanna • Desert • Marine (Ocean) • Estuary • Freshwater

29. Unit 1 – Ecology: Standards • S7L4 Students will examine the dependence of organisms on one another and their environments. • c. Recognize that changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of both individuals and entire species.

30. Environmental Factors Pollution • Garbage • Medical waste • Lead paint • Hazardous wastes • These can catch fire, eat through metals or make people sick.

31. Environmental Factors Pollution • Chemicals • CFCs (chlorofluorocarbon ) • Destroys the ozone layer • Used in aerosols and plastics • PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl) • Poisonous and can cause cancer • Used in appliances and paints

32. Environmental Factors Pollution • High-Powered Wastes • Radioactive • Nuclear plants • Gases • Carbon dioxide (acts like a greenhouse) • Noise • Constructions zones • Can impact ability to hear

33. Environmental Factors Resource Depletion • Renewable • Can be replaced at the same rate it is used • Solar, wind energy, water • Nonrenewable • Cannot be replaced OR can only be replaced over thousands of years. • Minerals, fossil fuels (oil and coal)

34. Environmental Factors Overpopulation • Number of organisms is too large for the available resources • Human population (too many people in one area) • Animal population (producers versus consumers)

35. Human interaction How can we help? • Plant more trees and other vegetation • Plants provide oxygen! • Recycle, recycle, recycle • Limit use of poisonous pesticides • Use natural pesticides instead • Stop destruction of habitats • Takes away food source and living spaces • Stop overhunting/overfishing

36. Animal adaptation Temperature • Heat • Large surface area to release heat (large ears on jack rabbit) • Light colors to absorb heat (tan or beige coats) • Sleeping patterns (sleep in burrows during day; hunt at night)

37. Animal adaptation Temperature • Cold • Extra layer of fat (polar bears, seals) • Hibernation (bears) • Thick coat of fur (camel: remember it DOES get cold in the desert) • Huddling together (to conserve heat)

38. Animal adaptation Precipitation • Waxy leaves (to conserve water) • Hump/storage portion of body (camel/Gila monster) • Large root system