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Cray Supercomputers New Perspective

Cray Supercomputers New Perspective. Alex Ostrovsky CS147. History. Cray Research founded in 1972. Cray Computer founded in 1988. 1976 First product – Cray-1 (240,000,000 OpS). Seymour Cray personally invented vector register technology.

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Cray Supercomputers New Perspective

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  1. Cray SupercomputersNew Perspective Alex Ostrovsky CS147

  2. History • Cray Research founded in 1972. • Cray Computer founded in 1988. • 1976 First product – Cray-1 (240,000,000 OpS). Seymour Cray personally invented vector register technology. • 1985 Cray-2 (1,200,000,000 OpS, a 5-fold increase from Cray 1). Seymour is credited with immersion-cooling technology • Cray-3 used revolutionary new gallium arsenide integrated circuits for the traditional silicon ones • 1996 Cray was bought by SGI • In March 2000 the Cray Research name and business was sold by SGI to Tera Inc.

  3. Visual Tour

  4. Market Segment (from top500)

  5. Supercomputer Architecture

  6. Current Cray Products • Cray X1 is the only Cray’s product with a unique vector CPU • Competitors are: Fujitsu, NEC, HP • Cray XT3 and XD1 use AMD Opteron CPUs (series 100 and series 200 accordingly) • You can find full product specifications as well as additional information on current systems at www.cray.com

  7. Performance Measurements • Performance is measured in teraflops • Linpack is a standard benchmark • Performance is also measured in memory bandwidth & latency, disk performance, interconnects, internal IO, reliability, and others • For example: • My home system, Athlon 750, gives about 34 megaflops (34*10^6 flops) • Current mid-range supercomputers give about 40 teraflops(40*10^12 flops) which is 1,176,470 times faster

  8. Scalable Architecture in XT-3

  9. Is Cray a good deal? • Typical Cost approximately $30 million and above • Useful lifetime – 6 years • Most customers use supercomputers at 90% - 98% load • Clustered supercomputers and machines build around common desktop components (AMD/Intel CPUs, memory chips, motherboards, and etc.) are significantly cheaper

  10. Future • Cray’s “Red Storm” System in Sandia National Laboratories is running on Linux OS • Current Cost $90 million • Uses 11,648 AMD Opteron CPUs • Current operational speed – 41.5 teraflops • Uses unique SeaStar chip, which passes messages between thousands of CPUs • Upgrades are scheduled to be completed by the end of 2005 using dual-core Opteron • Expected to reach 100 teraflops by the end of 2005

  11. References • http://research.microsoft.com/users/gbell/craytalk/sld066.htm • http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsupercomputer.htm • http://americanhistory.si.edu/csr/comphist/cray.htm • http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/cray.html • www.top500.org • http://www.spikynorman.dsl.pipex.com/CrayWWWStuff/ • http://news.zdnet.co.uk/hardware/emergingtech/0,39020357,39162182,00.htm

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