Chapter 11 Unit 7

1. Chapter 11Unit 7

2. In your journal, place a timeline of events from the paleo to current times.

3. Section 5 Page 370

4. What was the official United States position at the beginning of World War I? • In August 1914, President Woodrow Wilson declared America a NEUTRAL NATION that would not take sides between the Central Power led by Germany and Austria-Hungary and the Allied powers led by France, Great Britain and Russia.

5. Did everyone in the nation share this sentiment? • Some Georgians volunteered to fight for the French and British – serving as aviators, soldiers, nurses etc..

7. What was the Lafayette Escadrille? • A squadron of American aviators who fought for France - • Raoul Lufbery, a French-born American citizen, became the squadron's first, and ultimately their highest claiming, flying ace with 16 confirmed victories before his squadron was transferred to the US Air Services.

8. Who was Eugene Jacques Bullard? • The first African American combat pilot – a Columbus native. • He enlisted in the French foreign legion and served in the French Air Service. He volunteered his service to the United States when the US entered the war, but he was rejected. He remained in active in the French forces.

9. Why did the United States enter the war? • By International Law, neutrality allowed trade with warring sides. However, in May 1915, a German submarine sunk a British ocean liner Lusitania – which killed 128 Americans. Germany sank several American ships and finally, with the interception of the German Zimmerman Telegram, urging Mexico to attack the United States, the United States entered the war.

10. How many of Georgia’s citizens served? • Between 85,000 and 100,000 of Georgia’s citizens joined the armed forces.

11. What military bases arose in response? • Camp Benning was opened in 1917 as a result of orders from General John Pershing – the leader of the American allied forces.

12. What ended the war? • The ARMISTICE (agreement to stop fighting) ended the war on November 11, 1918.

13. What was the Atlanta Fire? • ON May 21, 1917 – city water supply was turned off – fire broke out in the west end of town so there was no water to put it out. More than 70 blocks of the city was destroyed in 10 hours. Dry weather, wooden houses built close together, contributed to the 10,000 displaced people. There were, however, no fatilities.

15. What was the Western Front?

16. Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the German army opened the Western Front by first invading Luxembourg and Belgium, then gaining military control of important industrial regions in France. The tide of the advance was dramatically turned with the Battle of the Marne. Both sides then dug in along a meandering line of fortified trenches, stretching from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier with France. This line remained essentially unchanged for most of the war.

17. Comparison of Casualties fromMajor Western Front Battles • Battle Year Allies German • 1st Marne 1914 263,000 250,000 • Verdun 1916 377,000 336,000 • Somme 1916 623,907 465,000 • 2nd Aisne 1917 187,000 168,000 • 3rd Ypres 1917 448,000 260,000 • Spring Offensive 1918 851,374 688,341

18. Who was president at the end of WWI? • Woodrow Wilson

19. When did WWI end? • Calamity Jane,” a huge heavy artillery gun on wheels, fired the final shots of World War I at 10:59 a.m. on November 11, 1918.

20. What historic event occurred on August 26, 1920? • The New Woman On August 26, 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, giving women the right to vote.

21. Who were flappers? • Many of the females of the 1920s proudly took on the label flappers. The term was first used in Great Britain after World War I to describe young girls between childhood and adulthood. But writer and publisher H. L. Mencken described the flapper as “a somewhat foolish girl, full of wild surmises and inclined to revolt against the precepts and admonitions of her elders.”

23. Who were Georgia’s first female legislators? • In1922, two women became the first female legislators in the Georgia house of representatives— • Bessie Kempton Crowell from Fulton County and Viola Ross Napier from Bibb County.

24. Who was the first woman to serve in the senate? • In that same year, Rebecca Latimer Felton was honored when Governor Thomas Hardwick appointed her to fill the U.S. Senate seat of Tom Watson, who had died in office.

26. What were speakeasies? • Thousands of clubs called speakeasies opened across the country, and most were well stocked with illegal liquor.

28. What new inventions made life easier in the “roaring 20’s”? • Many things came right to the front door—milk, butter and cream, ice, and even fresh vegetables. Vegetable deliveries were short lived, however. • In 1926, a man named Clarence Birdseye perfected a method for freezing and packaging foods. • Electricity became more widely available, and electric appliances became more common. For example, in 1927, the first pop-up toaster was introduced. Gas ranges replaced wood and coal stoves. Convenience foods began to appear. Quick-cooking rolled oats, pancake mix, and canned goods (everything from tuna to pineapple) were available. By the end of the decade, families could buy presliced bread. Gerber’s baby foods first went on the market in 1928.

30. In 1923, WRAB radio was licensed in Savannah, and in 1924 radio station WDBA was licensed in Columbus. The radio stations linked Americans to each other and to the world more than ever before. • Movies were a favorite pastime. In 1927, the first talking motion picture,The Jazz Singer with Al Jolson, hit theaters. Children and adults were enthralled. • just a year later when Walt Disney’s first talking cartoon, “Steamboat Willie,”appeared. It introduced a new American movie hero—Mickey Mouse.

32. How did the economy of Georgia contrast with that of the rest of the nation and why. • The Destruction of King Cotton For many Georgians, the twenties were not a time of abundance. A small, grayish, long-snouted beetle, the boll weevil, was destroying the primary source of income for many Georgia farmers: cotton.

33. What two things were responsible for the decline in Georgia? • Drought • Boll Weevil

34. What was the boll weevil? • The beetles hatch in the yellow flower of the cotton plant. As the flower becomes a boll (the place were the fibers are formed), the larvae feeds on the growing white, fluffy cotton, making it useless.

36. How were farms impacted? Over 375,000 farm workers left Georgia between 1920 and 1925. The number of working farms fell from 310,132 to 249,095.

40. What was the Great Migration? • While parts of the nation were living it up during the Roaring Twenties, an agricultural depression led many tenant farmers to leave the South and migrate north looking for work. Black farmers, in particular, moved to northern industrial cities such as Chicago and Detroit, hoping to find work in factories and assembly plants. This movement of southern blacks, which lasted until the 1960s, was called the Great Migration.

42. What were other reasons for the migration? • There were other reasons for the migration. Southern states restricted voting rights, while the North offered the hope of full citizenship rights Schools for African Americans in much of the South were poor, and the North • offered more educational opportunities. Health care was better in the North. • In addition, segregation in the South kept African Americans from hotels,

43. What was the strength of the KKK during this time? • Talk of “returning America to traditional values and morals” and a “patriotism of traditional America” gained the group new members. Not only did membership increase in numbers, it also increased in stature as doctors, lawyers, judges, businessmen, and even ministers joined. • During the 1920s, the Klan gained a foothold in the Midwest and the Southwest. By 1922, the Klan had branches in all forty-eight states.

44. The Klan also gained political influence, and five U.S. Senators elected in the 1920s were open members of the Klan. One member, who later recanted his membership, became a Supreme Court justice. Race riots broke out in many parts of the country in the early and mid- 1920s. In some places, the Klan even became an organized part of local law enforcement.

45. What led to its decline? • Scandals within the Klan leadership in the late 1920s led to a decline in membership throughout the country. People began to see the relationship between the Klan and racial terrorism. By the time the Depression hit, the Klan had lost most of its national power.

46. Who was Charles Lindbergh? • In 1919, a wealthy hotel businessman announced a prize of $25,000 to the first person who flew nonstop from New York to Paris, France, or from Paris to New York. In May 1927, three pilots in the United States were poised • to make the attempt. One was a tall, lean, quiet, boyish pilot who had flown mail out of St. Louis. In fact, he named his plane the “Spirit of St. Louis.” He was 25-year-old Charles Lindbergh, and he tackled the 3,600-mile transatlantic trip alone. • The trip took 331/2 hours. Upon his arrival in France, Lindbergh became an instant hero.

48. Section 1 Checkpoint • 1. Who were the first female members of the Georgia General Assembly?  • 2. Who was the “Mother of Blues”? • 3. What two factors led to Georgia’s agricultural problems during the Roaring Twenties? •  4. How does the Great Migration pattern of sending young men to find work and then moving families to join them repeat itself today with immigration patterns in the United States?

50. 1929 is most rememberedas what • 1929 is most remembered as the boom that went bust