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BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION. MODULE-1. PROF. DR. JOYANTA KUMAR ROY DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING NARULA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY WWW.dr-joyanta-kumar–roy.com. Subjects of discussion. Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation Human Body

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BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

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  1. BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION MODULE-1 PROF. DR. JOYANTA KUMAR ROY DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING NARULA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY WWW.dr-joyanta-kumar–roy.com

  2. Subjects of discussion • Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation • Human Body • Physiology of Heart and Circulatory system • Physiology of Respiratory system • Physiology of Brain and Nervous system • Neurons and Bio-signals • The Module -1 course duration : 3 lectures • The lecture content will be available at http//www.dr-joyanta-kumar-roy.com Dr. J. K. Roy

  3. BOOKS AND REFERENCES FOR STUDY 1. Hand Book of Biomedical Instrumentation, R S Khandpur, McGraw Hill 2.BioInstrumentation, John G. Webster, Wiley India 3.Biomedical Instrumentation & Measurement, Cronwell L, Pearson 4.Medical Instrumentation, Application and Design, Webster JS 5. Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation and measurement, Astor B R, McMillan 6. Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology, Carr, Pearson 7. Biomedical Instrumentation, Chatterjee & Millar, Cengage Learning 8. Internet search engines like : Google, Bing etc. Dr. J. K. Roy

  4. Human Machine Greatest creation of God Best creature of the Planet Finest Technology Of the world Dr. J. K. Roy

  5. Human Body The human body is the entire structure of a human organism, and consists of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs. By the time the human reaches adulthood, the body consists of close to 100 trillion cells,the basic unit of life. These cells are organized biologically to eventually form the whole body. Organ System: The organ systems of the body include the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, endocrine system, integumentary system, urinary system, lymphatic system, immune system, respiratory system, nervous system and reproductive system. Dr. J. K. Roy

  6. Cardiovascular system Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart. White arrows indicate normal blood flow. The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, veins, arteries and capillaries. The primary function of the heart is to circulate the blood, and through the blood, oxygen and vital minerals are transferred to the tissues and organs that comprise the body. The left side of the main organ (left ventricle and left atrium) is responsible for pumping blood to all parts of the body, while the right side (right ventricle and right atrium) pumps only to the lungs for re-oxygenation of the blood.The heart itself is divided into three layers called the endocardium, myocardium and epicardium,(liquidation) which vary in thickness and function. Dr. J. K. Roy

  7. The cardiovascular system is a complex hydraulic system, which performs the essential service of transportation of oxygen, carbon-di-oxide, numerous chemical compounds and blood cells. Structurally, the Heart is divided into right and left parts. Each parts has two chambers called atrium and ventricle. The Heart has four valves: The Tricuspid valve or Right atria-ventricular valve Bicuspid mitral valve or Left atria-ventricular valve Pulmonary valve Aortic Valve Dr. J. K. Roy

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  9. The Heart wall The pericardium: Outer layer of Heart. It keeps the outer surface moist and prevent friction due to Heart beats The myocardium: Middle layer of the Heart, which made of short cylindrical muscle fibers. The muscle is automatic in action, contracting & relaxing rhythmically through out the life. The endocardium: The inner layer of the Heart provides smooth lining for blood flow Consist of 3 layers Dr. J. K. Roy

  10. Engineering Point of View Fig: Circulatory system Dr. J. K. Roy

  11. Blood transport mechanism The blood is carried to the various parts of the body(organs) through Blood vessels. The blood vessels are classified into: Arteries : The arteries are thick walled and they carry the oxygenated blood away from the Heart Veins: They are thin walled and they carry deoxygenated blood with carbon di oxide towards heart Capillaries :Smallest and the last level of blood vessels which supply food and oxygen to the organs. From the engineering point of view Heart act as pump and drives blood through blood vessels of the circulatory system consist of four chamber muscular pump that beats 72 per minutes on an average for normal adult, sending blood to every part of the body. The pump act as two synchronized but functionally isolated two stage pump. The first stage of each pump (Atrium) collects blood from hydraulic system and pumps to the second stage (the ventricle). In this process the heart pumps the blood through pulmonary circulation to the lungs and through the systematic circulation to the other parts of the body. Pulmonary circulation: The venous deoxygenated blood flows from right ventricle to the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it is oxygenated and gives of carbon di oxide. The oxygenated blood then flows through pulmonary veins to the left atrium. Systematic Circulation: The blood is forced through blood vessels which are elastic. The blood flows through left atrium to left ventricle and is pumped through aorta and its branches the arteries to the out of the bodies. Through arterioles (Small and fine arteries) the blood is distributed through capillaries to the human body organs. Where it gives up oxygen and other relevant chemical compounds and taken up carbon di oxide and product of combustion. Dr. J. K. Roy

  12. The blood returns to the heart from different routes. It usually passes from the Venus side of the capillaries. The heart itself is supplied by two small but highly important arteries, called Coronary arteries. If they blocked by Coronary Thrombosis, Myocardial infraction follows, often leading to fatal situation. The Heart rate is partially controlled by autonomic nervous system and partially by Hormone action. These control the heart pump’s speed, efficiency and blood flow pattern through the system. The circulatory system is the Transport mechanism by which body takes food, oxygen, water and other essentials are transported to the tissue cells and their waste product are transported away. This happens through the diffusion process, in which nourishment from blood cells diffuses through capillary wall into the interstitial fluid. Similarly carbon di oxide and waste product from interstitial fluid diffuses through wall to the blood cell. The condition of the Cardio vascular system is examined by the hemodynamic measurement and recording the electrical activity of Heart muscles (Electro cardiography) For assessing the performance of Heart as a pump, the measurement of cardiac output (amount of blood flow per unit time)i.e by measuring blood pressure and flow at various location of the Circulatory system Dr. J. K. Roy

  13. THE END OF INTRODUCTION TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Dr. J. K. Roy

  14. The Physiology of Respiration This presentation takes you through the basic anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system You can complete the questions in your GM402M workbook as you work through this presentation Keep clicking your mouse to take you through the presentation Dr. J. K. Roy

  15. Why do we need to breathe? Breathing gets oxygen into the body so that cells can make energy Cells use this energy to contract muscles and power the thousands of biochemical reactions that take place in the cell every second Without oxygen, cells can’t make energy and without energy, cells would die Dr. J. K. Roy

  16. IMPORTANT CONCEPT The supply of blood and oxygen to cells and tissues is called PERFUSION If perfusion stops then cells die Dr. J. K. Roy

  17. Energy production Inside the cells most energy is made by the mitochondria. This energy is in the form of ATP* *adenosine triphosphate – a small packet of energy In the process of energy production……… • Oxygen is consumed by the cells • Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste gas • Glucose fuels the process Dr. J. K. Roy

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  19. How do cells get their oxygen? Oxygen (O2) from the air in the lungs diffuses into the blood It is transported in the blood to the cells Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells Dr. J. K. Roy

  20. How do cells dispose of their carbon dioxide? Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the cells diffuses into the blood It is transported in the blood to the lungs In the lungs carbon dioxide diffuses into the air and is breathed out Dr. J. K. Roy

  21. Movement of O2 and CO2 between lungs and cells Dr. J. K. Roy

  22. The anatomy of the Respiratory System The respiratory system consists of a series of tubes that transfer air from outside the body to the small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange take place – the alveoli The diagram on the next page shows the basic layout of the system – label the diagram in your workbook Dr. J. K. Roy

  23. Look at the structure of the respiratory system and label the diagram in your workbook Dr. J. K. Roy

  24. Alveoli At the end of the smallest bronchioles are the alveoli There are millions of alveoli in each lung Alveoli are surrounded by a network of small blood vessels called capillaries Dr. J. K. Roy

  25. alveoli terminal bronchiole capillaries Alveoli and adjacent capillaries Dr. J. K. Roy

  26. Gas exchange in the alveoli Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood in the capillaries Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood in the capillaries to the alveoli Dr. J. K. Roy

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  28. What is diffusion? Diffusion is a process that occurs when there is a difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas The substance, for example oxygen, will diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration No energy is required from the body for this process Dr. J. K. Roy

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  30. Ventilation (breathing) Breathing air in and out of the lungs – As the ribs rise and fall and the diaphragm domes and flattens, the volume and pressure in the lungs changes It is the changes in pressure that cause air to enter and leave the lungs Dr. J. K. Roy

  31. Ventilation (breathing) Dr. J. K. Roy

  32. Ventilation (breathing) • Inspiration (breathing in) • Ribs rise and diaphragm flattens • Volume increases and pressure decreases • Air enters the lungs • Expiration (breathing out) • Ribs fall and diaphragm domes • Volume decreases and pressure increases • Air leaves the lungs Dr. J. K. Roy

  33. Control of Ventilation As we exercise, the body needs to obtain more oxygen and remove more carbon dioxide (CO2) This is done by increasing the rate and depth of breathing An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood is the main trigger that increases the rate and depth of breathing Dr. J. K. Roy

  34. Control of Ventilation Chemoreceptors in the respiratory centre in the brain stem’s medulla detect an increase in blood CO2 levels The intercostal and phrenic nerves increase the rate and depth of breathing Additional chemoreceptors on arteries near the heart monitor oxygen and blood acidity Dr. J. K. Roy

  35. Control of Respiration chemoreceptors on aorta and carotid artery brain respiratory centres in medulla heart intercostal nerve to external intercostal muscles phrenic nerve to diaphragm ribs diaphragm Dr. J. K. Roy

  36. Response to hypercapnia Diseases such as emphysema, bronchitis and asthma can impede the movement of gas between the alveoli and the blood CO2 levels can build up in the blood – known as hypercapnia This stimulates the chemoreceptors in the respiratory centre of the brain The rate and depth of breathing increases to expire more CO2 and reduce levels in the blood Dr. J. K. Roy

  37. The Physiology of NERVOUS SYSTEM Dr. J. K. Roy

  38. Central Nervous System:“CNS” Spinal Cord Brain

  39. The Spinal Cord • Foramen magnum to L1 or L2 • Runs through the vertebral canal of the vertebral column • Functions • Sensory and motor innervation of entire body inferior to the head through the spinal nerves • Two-way conduction pathway between the body and the brain • Major center for reflexes Dr. J. K. Roy

  40. Spinal cord Dr. J. K. Roy http://www.apparelyzed.com/spinalcord.html

  41. ProtectiOn: Dr. J. K. Roy

  42. Anatomical classification • Cerebral hemispheres • Diencephalon • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Brain stem • Midbrain • Pons • Medulla • Cerebellum • Spinal cord Dr. J. K. Roy

  43. Parts of Brain Cerebrum Diencephalon Brainstem Cerebellum Dr. J. K. Roy

  44. simplified… • Back of brain: perception • Top of brain: movement • Front of brain: thinking Dr. J. K. Roy

  45. Cerebral hemispheres • Lobes: under bones of same name • Frontal • Parietal • Temporal • Occipital • Plus: Insula (buried deep in lateral sulcus) Dr. J. K. Roy

  46. Homunculus – “little man” • Body map: human body spatially represented • Where on cortex; upside down Dr. J. K. Roy

  47. Prefrontal cortex: cognition This area is remodeled during adolescence until the age of 25 and is very important for well-being; it coordinates the brain/body and inter-personal world as a whole Social skills Appreciating humor Conscience Mood Mental flexibility Empathy Executive functioning e.g. multiple step problem solving requiring temporary storage of info (working memory) Intellect Abstract ideas Judgment Personality Impulse control Persistence Complex Reasoning Long-term planning Dr. J. K. Roy

  48. Reticular formation Runs through central core of medulla, pons and midbrain • Reticular activating system (RAS): keeps the cerebral cortex alert and conscious • Some motor control Dr. J. K. Roy

  49. THE END OF PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN BRAIN & NERVOUS SYSTEM Dr. J. K. Roy

  50. Biomedical signals: Origins and dynamic characteristics Dr. J. K. Roy

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