Promoting Positive Development Through School and Community Sport Programs

1. Promoting Positive Development Through School and Community Sport Programs Nicholas L. Holt Child & Adolescent Sport & Activity Lab University of Alberta

2. Objectives Sport Communities Schools Positive Youth Development

3. Positive Youth Development • Strength-based • “Resources to be developed” • Transfer • Quality Sport+ = ↑PYD

4. We are Failing! F • ONLY 9% of boys and 4% of girls meet the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines (Canadian Health Measures Survey, 2011). 9% 4%

5. BUT…. Organized Sport Participation C • ~ 50% participation rates • 1,600 more steps per day • Youth sport participation  PA in adulthood Source: Active Healthy Kids Canada 2011 Report Card

6. Sport and Youth Development Positive outcomes  Self-esteem  Skill development  Teamwork/social skills  Grade point averages  Attendance  Fruit consumption ↓Depression ↓School dropout Negative outcomes   Use of alcohol   Perf-enhancing drugs   Undesirable social norms   Injury   Eating disorders Selected Sources: (Barber, Eccles, & Stone, 2001; Collis & Griffin, 1993; Eccles & Barber, 1999; Eder & Parker, 1987; Hansen, Larson, & Dworkin, 2003; Mahoney, 2000; Marsh & Kleitman, 2003; Martinek, McLaughlin, & Schilling, 1999; McNeal, 1995; Melnick, Miller, Sabo, Farrell, & Barnes, 2001; Novick & Glasgow, 1993; Pate et al., 2000; Pedersen & Seidman, 2004; Rainey, McKeown, Sargent, & Valois, 1996; Richman & Shaffer, 2000; Ryckman & Hamel, 1995; Sabo, Miller, Farrell, Melnick, & Barnes, 1999; Shields & Bredemeier, 1995)

7. Draw a PYD-oriented Instructor

8. Instruction for PYD • Development before winning • Relationships • Leadership • Teamwork • Decision-making • Initiative • Listening • Skill development • Mistake-contingent technical instruction • Low general (non-specific feedback) • Dramatic play situations • Transfer of skills • Selected Sources: Gould et al., (2009); Holt et al., (2009); Holt et al., (2010); McLaughlin (1994); Smith et al., (1979).

9. Opportunities for Physical Activity Neighborhood Family Developing Child Organized Activities (SPORT) Unorganized Activities (PLAY/PA) “Compulsory” Activities (SCHOOL)

10. Children’s Maps of Communities

11. Neighborhood Characteristics

12. Results

13. Benefits of Sport/Funding • SOCIAL • Making New Friends • Social Skills & Teamwork • Relationships With Coaches • PERSONAL • Exploration • Confidence • Discipline • Academic Performance • Sport Skills • Kids “Off the Street”

14. “Helping Themselves” • Unsure of Available Resources Barriers/Constraints Possible Solutions • Time Management and Scheduling • Continued Financial Barriers

15. Schools: Centres of Communities Sport-related Programs to Promote PYD • 59 children, 8 staff Results: • PE Lessons • PE specialist • clear boundaries with perceptions of choice • Intramurals • Enjoyable chaos • Negative peer interactions • Sport Teams • Empathy • Social connectedness Holt et al. (2012)

16. Current Initiatives

17. Phase 1: After School Program • Delivery • 2 schools - 28 children and 19 adult stakeholders • 2 nights per week in each school • Multi-sport program • Results: • Social skills and confidence; • Community-university partnerships. • Sustainability? Tink et al. (2012, under review)

18. Phase 2: TRY-Sport • Soccer, basketball, and volleyball (CS4L) • Teamwork, Leadership and Confidence • Reflection and transfer • FMS + FSS = Physical Literacy Status • 2 Schools (~ 60 children) • CS4L + PYD

19. Take Home Message Sport Communities Schools Positive Youth Development nick.holt@ualberta.ca; Tel 780-492-7386

20. Source: http://www.csep.ca/CMFiles/Guidelines/CSEP-InfoSheets-child-ENG.pdf

21. Low-Income Communities and PA Participants • 59 children from one inner-city school (28 f, 31 m; M age = 12.4 yrs). • 8 school staff; • 13 youth workers. Data Collection & Analysis • Individual interviews • GIS mapping to calculate a walkability score. • Census and city mapping data. Holt et al. (2010)

22. Current Initiatives