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The changing pattern of rural and urban migration in Malaysia

The changing pattern of rural and urban migration in Malaysia. By: Razani Jali, John Stillwell and Phil Rees Presented at: Third International Population Geographies Conference University of Liverpool 19-21 June 2006. Presentation. Aims of the paper

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The changing pattern of rural and urban migration in Malaysia

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  1. The changing pattern of rural and urban migration in Malaysia By: Razani Jali, John Stillwell and Phil Rees Presented at: Third International Population Geographies Conference University of Liverpool 19-21 June 2006

  2. Presentation • Aims of the paper • Data sources and background of country under study • Population change, urbanization and development • Internal migration • Summary

  3. Aims of the paper • Review the progress of urbanization in Malaysia • Identify the magnitude and patterns of migration in Malaysia in two time periods (1986-1991 and 1995-2000) • Identify the relative volumes of migration taking place within and between urban and rural areas, both within and between the states of Malaysia

  4. Data sources • Principal data source from censuses carried out by Department of Statistics, Malaysia • Focus on migration data obtained from 1991 and 2000 censuses – involved population movement within five year period prior to each census within and between the states

  5. Background - Malaysia

  6. States in Malaysia

  7. Population change and urbanization • Rapid development since independence • Transformation from agricultural to industrial development • Creation and growth of new towns • Urbanization was driven by rural to urban migration

  8. Population change and urbanization • Malaysian population growing steadily • In 1950 – 6.1 millions, 1955 – 7 millions, over 1 million added every five years • Population live in urban areas • 1950 – 20.4% • 1960 – 26.6% • 1991 – over 50% • Estimated – ¾ of population live in urban areas by 2020

  9. Urban, rural and total population, Malaysia, 1950-2030

  10. Urban, rural and total population, Malaysia, 1950-2030

  11. Urban, rural and total population, Malaysia, 1950-2030

  12. Urban population within the states • States in Malaysia have been categorized into more developed and less developed states • In 2000 • Less developed states have low proportion of people living in urban areas (<50%) • More developed states have high proportion of people living in urban areas (>50%)

  13. Internal migration: aggregate patterns • Changing levels of migration, 1986-1991 and 1995-2000 • Migration within the country decline during the last census • Total migration dropped from 4.6 millions during 1986-1991 period to 3.6 millions during 1995-2000 period • Possible reason - economic downtown because of currency crisis during the second period, or Malaysia had probably passed the time of peak rural to urban flows

  14. Migration by age and sex, 1995-2000 • Highest propensity to migrate – among the population in their twenties and thirties • Internal migration involves more men than women • In late teenage and young working age groups (15-29), females migrants outnumber males • In child ages, middle and late working age, there are more male migrants than female

  15. Internal migration rates and percentage shares by age, 1995-2000

  16. Age-specific migration rates by state, 1995-2000

  17. Internal migration volumes by sex, 1995-2000

  18. Urban and rural migration • Comparing flows between urban and rural for two censuses 1991 and 2000 • This is possible because the definition for urban areas is the same • Shortcomings: • Ever expanding urban areas means urban territories/ boundaries are not the same • There are unknown origin and destinations in migration data, especially in 1991 census – “from unknown to unknown”

  19. Urban and rural migration • In 1995-2000 - 60% flows between urban areas within and between states, only 10% occur within rural areas • In 1986-1991, 46% flows between urban areas within and between states, but 25% of migration was taking place between rural areas

  20. Intra-state migration by type, 1995-2000 Source: Malaysian Census 2000

  21. Inter-state flows in Malaysia, 1995-2000 131,400 20,000 - 42,000 10,000 -20,000

  22. Summary • Malaysia experiencing rapid urbanization since independence and internal migration is one of the significant determinants at early stage • Most urbanized states situated in the west coast of peninsular Malaysia and they are also the more developed states • Internal migration within Malaysia in 1995-2000 is between urban areas, which suggest the process of deconcentration of urban population into its rural hinterlands.

  23. Future project? • Look at the contribution of immigration from outside Malaysia (i.e. Indonesia) to urban population growth • Estimate natural increase in Malaysia’s urban and rural areas using census age distributions and national schedules to obtain full picture of population flows that are contributing to changes in Malaysia’s urban and rural populations

  24. Thank You For Your Attention

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