Reproductive System

1. Reproductive System

2. Male Reproductive System

3. Testes • Also called gonads • 2 of them • Suspended in a sac called the scrotum • Produce sperm • Located outside the body where the temperature is lower and won’t kill the sperm • Produces testosterone, male hormone • Testosterone is responsible for secondary sex characteristics such as deeper voice, facial hair, larger muscles, and body hair

4. Epididymis • Sperm leave the testes and enter the epididymis • Tightly coiled tube, 20 feet long • Located in the scrotum, just above the testes • Function • Store sperm until it matures • Produce fluid which becomes part of semen

5. Vas Deferens • Function • Receives sperm from the epididymis • Temporarily stores sperm • Extends from the epididymis into the abdominal cavity • Tube that is cut during a vasectomy, the procedure to produce sterility in males

6. Seminal Vesicles • 2 small tubes located behind the bladder • Function • Produce a thick, yellow, rich in sugar that nourish the sperm • This fluid composes a large part of the semen

7. Ejaculatory Ducts • 2 short tubes • Carry sperm and fluids known as semen through the prostate gland into the urethra

8. Prostate Gland • Doughnut – shaped • Located below the bladder • Produces an alkaline secretion that increases sperm motility and neutralizes the acidity of the vagina • During ejaculation, the prostate gland • Contracts causing the expulsion of semen • Closes off the urethra, preventing urine passage through the urethra

9. Cowper’s Gland • 2 small glands located below the prostate gland • Secrete a mucous-like fluid that serves as a lubricant for intercourse and an alkaline fluid to decrease the acidity of the urine residue in the urethra

10. Urethra • Tube that extends from the bladder, through the penis, to the outside of the body • Carries semen and urine • 5-7 inches long in male

11. Penis • External male reproductive organ • Enlarged structure on the end of the penis – glands penis • This is covered by the prepuce or foreskin • The foreskin is removed in a procedure called circumcision • Penis is made of spongy, erectile tissue • Functions • When erect, male organ of copulation/intercourse • Provides for the elimination of urine from the bladder

12. Diseases

13. Prostatic Hypertrophy • Enlargement of the prostate gland • Common in men over 50 years old • Causes • Benign, due to inflammation • Tumor • Change in hormonal activity • Malignant (cancerous) condition • Treatment • Prostatectomy • TUR – trans urethral resection • Radiation

14. Testicular Cancer • Cancer of the testicles • Frequent in men 20-35 • Highly malignant and spreads quickly • Treatment • Orchiectomy, radiation • ACS • American Cancer Society • Recommends STE • Self testicular exam

15. Self Testicular Exam • STE should start at age 15 • Examine each testicle after a warm shower, exam each testicle separately, gently roll between fingers and thumb to feel for lumps, nodules or extreme tenderness • Also check for any signs of swelling or change in appearance

17. Female Reproductive System

18. Ovaries • Female gonads • 2 small almond-shaped glands, located in the abdominal cavity, attached to the uterus by ligaments • Contains thousands of small sacs called follicles • Each follicle contains an immature egg or ovum • Produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone • Responsible for the secondary sex characteristics – breasts, hips widen, body hair

19. Ovulation • The maturing and release of an egg every • Occurs every 28 days • If egg is not fertilized, the body sheds the lining of the uterus and menstruation occurs

20. Fallopian Tubes • 2 of them • 5 inches in length • Attached to the upper part of the uterus • Function • Move the ovum from the ovary to the uterus • Cilia and peristalsis keep the ovum moving • Site of fertilization, the union of the egg and sperm

21. Uterus • Hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ • 3 parts • Fundus – top • Body – middle • Cervix – narrow bottom • Function • Organ of menstruation • Allows for the development and growth of the fetus • Contracts during birth to aid in the expulsion of the fetus • Layers - endometrial - If fertilization does not occur, this lining deteriorate, resulting in menstruation

22. Vagina • Muscular tube that connects the cervix to the outside of the body • Function • Passageway for menstrual flow • Receives sperm and semen from the male • Female organ of copulation • Birth canal during delivery of the infant

23. Bartholin’s Glands • 2 small glands on either side of the vaginal opening • Secretes mucous for lubrication during intercourse                                                      <>

24. Vulva • Collective name for the external female genitalia • Includes • Mons pubis - pad of fat • Labia majora – outer folds of tissue covered with pubic hair • Labia minora – inner folds of tissue • Perineum – area between the vagina and anus

25. Breasts • Mammary glands • Contain lobes that surface at the nipples • Function • Secrete milk – lactate after childbirth

26. Diseases Female Reproductive System

27. Breast Tumors • Benign or • American Cancer Society recommends SBE • Self Breast Examination every month for adult females at the end of menstruation

28. SBE

29. Mammograms • ACS recommends a baseline test between 35-40

30. Treatments • Lumpectomy • Simple mastectomy • Radical mastectomy • Radiation • Chemotherapy

31. Cancer of the Cervix • Detected by a PAP smear • Treatment • Hysterectomy • Removal of cervix and uterus

32. Endometriosis • Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus • Can occur during surgery, through the fallopian tubes, blood and lymph

33. PMS Premenstrual Syndrome • Group of symptoms that appear 3-14 days before menstruation • Cause – unknown • Related to hormonal changes or biochemical imbalance