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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase. Rome. Flash Cards: Roman tribune plebeians. Rome. Flash Cards: Twelve Tables Punic Wars. Rome. Flash Cards: latifundia Caesar Augustus. Rome. Flash Cards Pax Romana pater familias. Rome. Flash Cards: Paul of Tarsus

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

  2. Rome • Flash Cards: • Roman tribune • plebeians

  3. Rome • Flash Cards: • Twelve Tables • Punic Wars

  4. Rome • Flash Cards: • latifundia • Caesar Augustus

  5. Rome • Flash Cards • Pax Romana • pater familias

  6. Rome • Flash Cards: • Paul of Tarsus • Constantine

  7. Establishment of Rome • Indo-Europeans • into Italy • c. 2000 BCE Legend of Romulus and Remus • Rome founded 753 BCE

  8. Establishment of the Republic, 509 BCE • built Roman forum • Republican constitution • Executive branch: 2 Consuls • Plus, Senate • later, tribunes

  9. Social Conflict • Patricians vs. Plebeians • aristocrats vs. commoners • continuous conflict • Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes • rights expanded through 3rd c. BCE

  10. Expansion of the Republic • Took over iron industry 5th-4th c. BCE • Expanded via military threat and incentives • Tax exemptions • Trade privileges • Citizenship • Religious tolerance • Expanded Greek citizenship concepts

  11. The Punic Wars Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCE • Three major wars: • 1st under Hamilcar • 2nd under Hannibal • over Sicilian grain supply • Determined trade access to western Mediterranean • By middle of 2nd C. BCE: • Rome dominated Mediterranean Sea • “The Roman Lake”

  12. Imperial Expansion • Land distribution • continuous problem • development of large latifundia • state-run, slave-worked farms. • unfair competition for small landholders

  13. The Roman Republic to 146 BCE

  14. The Gracchi Brothers Tiberius and Gaius • Tribunes • Tried to limit land holdings of aristocrats • Assassinated Private armies developed • made up of landless peasants

  15. Julius Caesar • From aristocratic family • Rose to popularity • Public spectacles; victories in Gaul • Attacked Rome, 49 BCE • Named himself Dictator for life, 46 BCE

  16. Caesar’s Policies • centralized military& government • redistributed land to veterans & allies • major building projects • reduced urban unemploymnent • extended citizenship to provinces → aristocrats threatened → assassinated Caesar, 44 BCE

  17. Augustus Caesar • Civil conflict after Caesar’s death • Nephew Octavian • fought Mark Antony & Cleopatra • Took title “Augustus 27 BCE

  18. Augustus’ Administration • Monarchy disguised as republic • Increased centralization of power • Stablilized empire • “Pax Romana” → next 200 years. • Died, 14 CE

  19. The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE

  20. Pax Romana: “Roman Peace” • 27-250 CE • Facilitated trade, communication • Silk Roads & Mediterranean • Roadwork = superior • Curbs, drainage, milestones • Postal service

  21. Roman Law • Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE • Adapted to diverse populations • Innocent until proven guilty • Right to challenge accusers in court

  22. Commercial Agriculture and Trade • Latifundia: produced for export • Regional specialization increased • Integration of Empire-wide economy • Mediterranean Sea: • Mare Nostrum, “our sea” • also, Silk Road trade with China.

  23. City of Rome • Cash flow • Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce • Massive construction projects • Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts • Technology: concrete

  24. Roman Attractions “bread & circuses” • Imported goods • Underground sewage • Circus Maximus • 250,000 spectators • Colosseum • Gladitor games

  25. Family and Society • Pater Familias: “father of the family” • right to arrange marriages • can sell children into slavery • Women not allowed to inherit property • if rich → could sometimes become citizens

  26. Slavery • 2nd c. CE: • estimated at 1/3 of population • Customary manumission at age 30 • Agricultural work, quarries, mines • Chain labor • Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE

  27. Judaism in Early Rome Jewish monotheism challenged ancient cultures • refused to recognize state gods • many Jewish rebellions • Romans finally crushed self-governance • Jewish Wars (66-70 CE) • last stand at Masada

  28. Synagogue at Capernaum

  29. Fortress at Masada

  30. Jesus of Nazareth • teacher of new moral code • reputation for miracle-working • Romans feared instigation of rebellion • Crucified as punishment for breaking law

  31. Jesus’ Followers • Belief in Jesus’ resurrection & divine nature • given title Christ: “Anointed One” • Teachings recorded in New Testament • Blessed are poor • Meek shall inherit the earth • Salvation for anyone • Life after death

  32. Paul of Tarsus • Extended teachings • Intensive missionary activity

  33. Growth of Early Christianity • Roman persecution • Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity • Appealed to dispossessed, disenfranchised classes • Urban poor • women

  34. Sources From The Past: Tacitus on Corruption in the Early Roman Empire “Meanwhile at Rome consuls, senate, knights, precipitately became servile. The more distinguished they were, the greater their urgency and insincerity.” - Tacitus

  35. Sources From The Past: • Jesus’ Moral and Ethical Teachings “Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted. Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.” - Matthew 5:3-5:5

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