Terms cont’d.

1. Terms cont’d. Harmony, Texture, and Form

2. “The Ball” • Watching an unfamiliar sporting eventIt is difficult to try to absorb all the rules and protocols immediately • My advice, “Watch the ball”. The ball is the object of primary importance. • Watch the ball to try to follow gameplay.In music, the melody is “the Ball”.

3. Pitch = Frequency • Frequency is measured in Hertz, or cycles per second.The sound wave vibrates a number of times per second, and it in turn produces a specific pitch or note. • A=440 is a standard tuning pitch for instruments. 440 cycles per second is the pitch A.

4. Frequency • 440 Hertz is a tuning A. • Human hearing commonly extends from 20 Hertz to 20,000 Hertz (or 20 KiloHertz KHz).

5. Equalizer • An Equalizer is a device that electronically boosts or cuts specific frequency ranges to tailor the TIMBRE of a musical selection. • On sound systems, usually 6-10 or more sliding “faders” for adjusting different frequencies. • iTunes has an Equalizer you can modify

6. Harmony • Two or more pitches played at the same time

7. Harmony • Key/Tonality - the idea of building a piece of music around a central or “home sound”

8. Harmony • Consonance - stability. Pitch combinations that sound pleasant or stable • Dissonance - instability. Pitch combinations that sound unpleasant or unstable

9. Harmony • Scale - a series of pitches played in order from low to high or high to low. • Major Scale - do re mi fa sol la ti do.The most common musical "menu" from which to choose pitches. • Minor Scale - The scale with a darker quality, often times more emotional.

10. Harmony • Drone - one repeated pitch among other changing pitches - more of a "folksy" quality.

11. Texture • The interweaving of melody and harmony

12. Texture • The interweaving of melody and harmony • Monophonic - one unaccompanied melody • Homophonic - one melody with some type of accompaniment (most common texture) • Polyphonic - two or more melodies at the same time.May be with or without accompaniment. This is "the crowning achievement of Western Music".

13. Form • Musical structure and design

14. Form • Form. = formula; format = recipe.

15. Form • Form can be followed by identifying repetition, variation, and contrast. • Repetition - literal repeats of the same material. • Contrast - completely new material from the first musical idea • Variation - when the original material is slightly changed to create interest • The above three methods used in conjunction are the methods used in achieving musical interest.

16. Form • Theme - the tune in classical music.Not just repeated, but expanded and "developed" • A motive is a part of a phrase.  A complete phrase combines with other complete phrases to form a section.  • The Form of a composition is discussed in sections, not phrases or themes.

17. Form • Thematic development - when a theme is fragmented and used in different ways. • Motive - a fragment of a melody.Very little piece that is recognizable, but not as long as a phrase. • Sequence - the repetition of a motive at a higher or lower pitch. • Ostinato - a short musical pattern that is repeated over and over as the basis of a musical composition.

18. Classic vs. Romantic • Classic - form, symmetry, balance, emotional detachment. • Adoration of the Magi by Botticelli • Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David

19. Adoration of the Magi

20. Death of Socrates

21. Classic vs. Romantic • Romantic - freedom, emotion, drama, individual • Meeting of Abraham and Melchizedek by Peter Paul Rubens • Traveler Looking Over A Sea of Fog by Caspar David

22. Meeting of Abraham and Melchizedek

23. Traveler Looking Over A Sea of Fog

24. Common Practice Period • 1600-1900 • Composers use the common language of “tonality” • Music is written using a central key or “home sound” • Can be both Classic and/or Romantic