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BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES. TREATMENT. BEFORE LOBOTOMY, SHOCK, COMA - NOW DRUGS CHANGE NEUROCHEMISTRY OF BRAIN ELEVATE OR LOWER LEVELS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN SYNAPSES AND WHAT RECEPTORS ABSORB. TREATMENTS. ANTI-PSYCHOTICS LITHIUM FOR BIPOLAR PHENOTHIAZINES AND CLOZAPINE FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA

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BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

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  1. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

  2. TREATMENT

  3. BEFORE LOBOTOMY, SHOCK, COMA - NOW DRUGS • CHANGE NEUROCHEMISTRY OF BRAIN • ELEVATE OR LOWER LEVELS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN SYNAPSES AND WHAT RECEPTORS ABSORB

  4. TREATMENTS • ANTI-PSYCHOTICS • LITHIUM FOR BIPOLAR • PHENOTHIAZINES AND CLOZAPINE FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA • ILLNESS SPECIFIC

  5. SSRI’S • SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS - PROZAC, PAXIL, XOLOFT (LATE 1980’S) • UNLIKE OLDER DRUGS ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO PREVENT REUPTAKE OF SEROTONIN • NOT ILLNESS SPECIFIC (NOT “ANTI-DEPRESSANTS”)

  6. HUGH GROWTH

  7. HUGE GROWTH • 10% OF ADULT POPULATION NOW TAKING AN SSRI • 300% INCREASE IN PAST 10 YEARS IN NUMBER OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS TAKING MEDICATION

  8. ARE SSRI’S BETTER? • NOT MORE EFFECTIVE THAN OLDER DRUGS • FEWER NEGATIVE SIDE EFFECTS (ALTHOUGH POSSIBLY MORE SUICIDE RISK) • NOT ADDICTING • LESS RISK OF OVERDOSE

  9. DOWNSIDE OF SSRI’S • NOT MUCH BETTER THAN PLACEBOS FOR LESS SEVERE CONDITIONS • LONG-TERM EFFECTS? • ONLY ELIMINATE SYMPTOMS, NOT UNDERLYING PROBLEM? • MAKE PEOPLE ADJUST TO STATUS QUO?

  10. STRENGTHS AND LIMITS

  11. STRENGTHS OF BIOLOGY • BEST FOR PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS • MORE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN • ADVANCES IN DRUG TREATMENTS FOR MANY CONDITIONS

  12. LIMITATIONS

  13. 1. OVERSTATEMENTS • MOST CONVINCING FOR PSYCHOSES • LESS EVIDENCE FOR OTHERS • ARE CHEMICAL IMBALANCES CAUSES OR EFFECTS?

  14. 2. GENES NOT DESTINY • ONLY A MINORITY OF PEOPLE WITH GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY DEVELOP DISORDER • OFTEN NEED ENVIRONMENTAL PRECIPITANT • ENVIRONMENT CAN SUPPRESS - MORMONS AND ALCOHOLISM

  15. 3. WHAT DOES A GENE DO? • DIFFERENCE OF GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE (APPEARANCE) • E.G. ANOREXIA • CULTURE CAN SHAPE PHENOTYPE • GENES MAY HAVE GENERAL, NOT SPECIFIC, EFFECTS

  16. 4. MOST M.I. NOT GENETIC • MOST PEOPLE WHO GET A DISORDER DO NOT HAVE GENETIC PROPENSITY TO THE DISORDER

  17. SCHIZ. IN DENMARK • THOSE WITH 1ST DEGREE RELATIVES HAVE 10x RATE OF SCHIZ • BUT 90% OF PEOPLE WHO DO GET SCHIZ HAVE NO SCHIZ RELATIVES • FAR MORE PEOPLE HAVE NO FAMILY HISTORY OF SCHIZ SO DESPITE LOWER % PRODUCE MORE CASES

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