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LeBon on Effect of the Mob (McPhail, p. 4). Anonymity Unaccountability Invincibility. Marx and McAdam (pp. 40-42) Seven Social Influence Processes . Legitimacy in Numbers Illusion of Unanimity Diffusion of Responsibility Anonymity Solidarity Social Facilitation Immediacy.
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LeBon on Effect of the Mob (McPhail, p. 4) • Anonymity • Unaccountability • Invincibility
Marx and McAdam (pp. 40-42) Seven Social Influence Processes • Legitimacy in Numbers • Illusion of Unanimity • Diffusion of Responsibility • Anonymity • Solidarity • Social Facilitation • Immediacy
Effect of Crowd on Individual Perception of Social Support High Perceived Social Support Low Few Many Number of Participants source: McPhail, p. 123, based on Berk
Integrated Political Theory of 1970 • Mass society: Macro Level/Institutional • accessible elites: lack of intermediate buffers between masses and elites • available masses: lack of integration into local associations and collectivities • Available Masses swept into mass movements that threaten accessible elites
Kornhauser's Mass Society Available Non-elites: Lack of secondary, voluntary associations: mal-integration Accessible Elites: Vulnerability to non-elite influence, direct or mediated
Collective Behavior: Organizational/Group Level Neil Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, mass movements begin with breakdown of social control milling and gossip conducive to generalized beliefs need for immediate action sense of empowerment utopian goals
Frustration-Aggression: Social Psychological Theory Ted Gurr: intolerable "want-get" gap literature on reference groups relative deprivation James Davies "J" curve of declining rewards/expectations intolerable gap (like Gurr)
Davies J Curve of Rising Expectation Leading to Frustration High intolerable want-get gap expected Rewards obtained Low Late Early Time