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Computer Architecture

Lecture 1: Introduction Piotr Bilski. Computer Architecture. Plan of the Lectures. Introduction, history of the computers, Moore's Law Structure of the computer system. System bus. Orders' cycle Logical systems. Computer's arithmetics Processor's instruction list

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Computer Architecture

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  1. Lecture 1: Introduction Piotr Bilski Computer Architecture

  2. Plan of the Lectures • Introduction, history of the computers, Moore's Law • Structure of the computer system. System bus. Orders' cycle • Logical systems. Computer's arithmetics • Processor's instruction list • Structure and work regime of the processor • Control Unit • Cache memory • Internal and external memory • Input/output devices • Operating system support • RISC processors • Superscalar processors • Parallel architectures • IA-64 architecture

  3. Points and Grades Two tests during the semester: 50 points MAX Two programming projects: 50 points MAX 26 pts – grade 3 31 pts – grade 3,5 36 pts – grade 4 41 pts – grade 4,5 46 pts – grade 5

  4. References W. Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture. Designing and Performance. 7th Edition”, Prentice Hall, 2006. A.J. van de Goor, “High Performance Computer Architecture,” Prentice-Hall, 1989. B. Wilkinson, Computer architecture (2nd ed.); Prentice-Hall 1996. Hennessy, J.L. Patterson, Computer architecture – a quantitative approach (3nd ed.); Morgan Kaufman 2005. J. Silc, B. Robin, T. Ungerer, Processors architecture: from dataflow to superscalar and beyond; Springer-Verlag 1999.

  5. Organization and Architecture of the Computer System • Organization determines operational units and connections between them, which realize architecture • Architecture describes attributes (characteristics) of the computer system, visible (accessible) for the programmer

  6. Definition of the Computer • Computer is, in general meaning, computing machine, used for processing of the information represented in the digital form or as the continuous signal • What is the difference between the calculator and the computer?

  7. Classification of the Computers Method of the data processing Size of the instruction set RISC Serial (scalar) Parallel CISC Matrix Application Vector Multiprocessor Universal Breadth of the address bus Problem-oriented 32-bit 8-bit Specialized 64-bit 16-bit

  8. Functional Scheme of the Computer Environment Data processing with transmission Data transmission Transfer data module Internal processing of data Data storage Data processing module Data storing module Control module

  9. Phases of the Computer Development • Computers based on the vacuum lamps (1946-1957) • Transistor-based computers (1958-1964) • SSI, MSI structure-based computers (1965-1971) • LSI structure-based computers (1972-1977) • VLSI structure-based computers (1978-??) • New architectures: molecular, quantum, optical, neurocomputers

  10. Phases of the Processor Development (Intel) • 8-bit processors (8086-80188) • 16-bit processors (80286) • First 32-bit processors (80386) • 486 family (80486) • Pentium family (80586) • Pentium Pro family (80686) • Pentium IV family • 64-bit processors (Pentium IV Extreme) • Multicore processors (Dual Core, Core2Duo, Core2Quad, X2, X4, i7)

  11. Pentium and PowerPC • Pentium: • Manufactured by Intel • Classical superscalar representative of the x86 architecture • Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium Pro, Pentium IV, IA-64 (64-bit!) • PowerPC: • Manufactured by IBM-Apple-Motorola • The best RISC processor • Models: 601, 603, 604, 620, G3, G4 • Currently installed in the network devices, printers (Kyocera) and consoles (PS3, Nintendo Wii)

  12. ENIAC (J.P. Eckert, J.W. Maulchy - 1946) • Considered (erroneously) as the first computer in the world • Calculations in the decimal system (no memory) • Weight – 30 tons, 20 thousand of the vacuum lamps inside, 5000 op/s, power required: 140 kW • Applications: calculations for the military (missiles ballistics, viability to construct the hydrogen bomb)

  13. Commercial Computers (since 1951) 701, 702 (IBM) UNIVAC I (Sperry-Rand Corporation) Characteristics: Central Processing Unit (CPU) based on the vacuum lamps Operational memory based on the ferrite rings or electrostatic lamps

  14. The First Microprocessor (1971) • Developed in the Intel company, labelled as 4004 (author: Ted Hoff) • Built from 2300 transistors • Impemented operation of adding two 4-bit numbers • 100 kHz clock

  15. The First General Purpose Processor (1974) • Signature: 8080 • 8-bit processor • Clock speed: 2 MHz • 6000 of transistors in the circuit • 64 kB of addressable memory

  16. Apple II Computer (1977) • The first one to present the colour graphics • Open architecture (easy to expand) • MOS 6502 processor (1MHz to 3 MHz) • RAM memory 4KB, max. 64 KB • WOZ Integer Basic operating system

  17. IBM PC/XT Computer (1983) • Intel 8088 processor (4,77 MHz), later (in the turbo mode) to 14 MHz • RAM memory – max. 640 kB • 8-bit ISA bus • Later replaced by IBM PC/AT and IBM PC/XT/286

  18. Moore’s Law (1965) Gordon Moore (born in 1929, San Francisco, California), PhD in physics in 1954 r. One of the founders of the Intel corporation in 1968 r. „Economically optimal number of the transistors in the integrated chip will be doubled every 18 months” „Computational power of the microprocessors will be doubled every 18 months, assuming constant production cost”

  19. Moore's Law (cont.) • Original drawing from Moore's paper (1965)

  20. Moore’s Law (cont.) „If the car technology in 1971 was accelerating in the same pace as microelectronics, today we would travel from San Francisco to New York within 13 seconds”

  21. Increase of the Integration Scale in Time

  22. Performance Gap • Efficiency advancement of processors and memory was not uniform • Frequencies of the processor clock are much greater than these of memory • Numerous methods of compensating for this gap are applied: • Increasing of the memory clock • Increasing of the cache memory size • Modifying the sequence of the instructions execution flow

  23. Illustration of the Performance Gap

  24. Problem of the physical limitations • Size of transistors cannot be decreased indefinitely! • A significant problem is the heat emission (cooling issue!) • Processor core has a crucial influence on the calculations efficiency and emitted heat

  25. Comparison of Single- and Multicore Architectures Single core Multiprocessor Multicore cache cache cache cache

  26. Turing Machine (1937) • The first theoretical model of the computer • Was used to design the Colossus computer • Symbols are read from the tape, result of the calculations is also stored on the tape 1 0 B 2 tape F 6 ? head Head control

  27. Work Regime of the Turing Machine • Control unit is the processor, moving over the tape and performing write/read operations • Control unit's action depends on the symbol read from the tape and state of the control unit • Instruction of the Turing machine: (S0, qi, Sz, qj, L/P) Operational part of the instruction Identification part of the instruction

  28. von Neumann Architecture (1945) • Universal uniprocessor architecture, the base for the modern computers • First practical realization: IAS computer (1952) • Functional structure: • Central Processing Unit (CPU) consisting of the Arithmetical-Logical Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU) • Main memory used to store data and instructions • Input/output modules

  29. Organization of the von Neumann Machine CPU System bus Computational part of the CPU I/O devices AC ALU MBR Internal bus Control part of the CPU main memory MAR CU PC IR

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