Unit 11: World War 2 and Aftermath

1. Unit 11: World War 2 and Aftermath The Turbulent Twenties and Thirties

2. A. World War I marked a period where the technology of the Industrial Revolution finally caught up to the building tensions and nationalistic feelings that permeated society. This left scars across Europe and the world, ones that never truly healed after the Treaty of Versailles was signed. The inter-war years of 1918-1939 are marked by incredible economic growth and collapse, along with the complete ineffectiveness of the League of Nations to prevent another global conflict. • 1. As World War I ended, a devastating ___________ pandemic struck the world. Nicknamed the Spanish Flu, this disease killed almost 6% of the world’s population (____________________________.) Even though doctors emphasized personal hygiene, the disease spread like wildfire throughout Europe, China, and North America. Of those infected, ________ would die. However, the disease disappeared almost as quickly as it appeared, and had completely died out by 1921. flu 100 million people 20%

3. Weimar Republic • 2. In October 1918, the German government, under the leadership of Kaiser Wilhelm II fell apart. In its place came the ____________________________, a government based on the British style.

4. Social Democrats • a. However, almost immediately, the government faced revolts from the navy and soldiers in the army. Supporting these forces were the __________________________, who used fears of a communist takeover, to gain popular support. • b. However, pro-war and anti-war political parties fought for control of the Parliament. They even went as far as declaring their own governments in the early part of November 1918. Eventually, both groups settled on _____________________ to run the government as President. In January 1919, Ebert announced the formation of the Weimar Republic. Friedrich Ebert

5. Kapp Putsch Munich Putsch • c. Immediately, an economic crisis threatened to topple the new government. Because of the harsh economic sanctions placed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles, Germany’s economy suffered. Left and Right Wing extremists clamored for power, based on the assumption that democracy couldn’t help solve the problems facing the nation. Several attempts to overthrow the government took place, including the ___________________ in 1920, and the ____________________________ in 1923 (which was led by a burgeoning political statesman named Adolf Hitler.)

6. Ruhr Valley • d. The largest economic burden facing Germany revolved around paying war reparations. There was no economic growth. By 1923, the government couldn’t continue to make the payments. Therefore, France, angered by this, took control of the ____________________, closing off any industrial production Germany had made. Workers across the nation responded by striking. This strike lasted for 8 months.

7. Hyperinflation Dawes Act • e. Because of the strike, no goods were being produced to export to other countries, and the government needed money. Therefore, the Government decided to print more money and make the payments. ________________________, where 1 US dollar was worth 1,000,000 German marks occurred. This obviously couldn’t continue, and the government decided to “reset” the economy by issuing new money in late 1923. Combined with the ____________________ (where the US banks funded the German government) the economy began to grow and the inflation ended.

8. League of Nations • f. In 1926, the ___________________________ admitted Germany as a member with full standing. However, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 destroyed any economic progress that had been made, and inflation resumed throughout the nation.

9. Great Power • 3. Even though Italy sided with the Allies during World War I, Italian nationalists felt the terms of the Treaty of Versailles impeded their path to “_________________________” status. One of the biggest slights towards Italy at the Versailles Conference took place when the Allied powers convinced them to give up the port city of Rijeka to the new nation of Yugoslavia.

10. Benito Mussolini • a. Left wing nationalist and leader of the National Fascist Party ___________________________ exploited this to his benefit. He began to gain popular support by announcing he wished to reestablish Italy as a world power by making a modern “_________________________.” Roman Empire

11. Black Shirts Prime Minister • b. In the immediate aftermath of World War I, labor discontent raced across Italy. The war created inflation and unemployment in Italy, and the government couldn’t do anything to help. Riots erupted across Italy as a result. • c. The national government couldn’t put down these riots, therefore Mussolini and his “___________________________” (unemployed World War I veterans) stepped up and put the riots down. This gained even more popular support for Mussolini, and in 1922, King Victor Emmanuel III appointed Mussolini to be _____________________.

12. heavy industrial • d. However, the lack of __________________________________ output hampered Italian economic growth. Mussolini, in an attempt to distract the Italian people, turned his attention towards empire building and nationalism. During this period, Mussolini increased his ties with Hitler’s racial ideology.

13. ex-samurai • 4. Japanese militarism started at the onset of the Meiji Restoration. Many of the political leaders during this period were ______________________________. However, due to the drastic changes implemented by the Meiji government, numerous uprisings by different groups in the early part of the Meiji Restoration led to an increased military presence in the government. • a. Japan’s lack of natural resources and desire for an empire to gain them led to a more militaristic style government. This eventually became ___________________________, with an ultra-nationalistic ideology. The driving force behind this was the military, as demonstrated by the first Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War. Japanese Statism

14. State Shintoism • b. One of the driving forces behind this fanaticism was __________________________. Based upon emperor worship, it gave justification to the totalitarian government. Essentially the emperor was a deity on Earth, and every citizen owed absolute loyalty to him. In 1926, that became Emperor Showa, or more commonly, _____________________. Hirohito

15. immigration • c. Anger towards the West began with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. Even though Japan served as a full-fledged member, the Big Three refused to recognize Japanese territorial claims. Japan also participated in several naval reduction treaties in the 1920’s, which limited their navy, but at lower levels than the West. The US and Europe imposed strict __________________________________ guidelines and limited the immigration from Japan. This furthered the racial divide between nations.

16. d. This and other examples of Western ethnocentric views towards Japan led to several attempts by the military to overthrow Hirohito. However, he dealt with each attempt swiftly and harshly. Nonetheless, the military gained increasing government power during the 1930’s. • 5. However, in October 1929, the __________________________________ crashed, and sent the world’s economy into a downward spiral. While the Western democracies in the US and Great Britain suffered in their own ways, any economic progress made in Italy and Germany disappeared. This made worse the economic crisis of the early 1930’s. US Stock Market

17. Cultural Social • B. The Rise of Fascist and Militaristic States Characteristics of Fascism Chief Examples Economic Basic Principles Political

18. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Obx_miszsBM • Basic Principles • Authoritarian • State more important than the individual • Charismatic leadership • Action oriented • Political • Nationalist • Racist (Nazism) • One-party rule • Supreme leader

19. Economic: Economic functions controlled by state corporations or by the state • Cultural • Censorship • Indoctrination • Secret police

20. Social: supported by middle class, industrialists, and military • Chief Examples • Italy • Spain • Germany

21. Weimar Republic • 2. One country that became a Fascist state after World War I was Germany. • a. Following the end of the war, Germany became a democratic nation known as the _________________. Through loans and agreements with the former Allied nations, the problems in Germany began to dissipate. However, because of the _______________________, the economic crisis once again deepened. People across Germany looked for someone to solve these problems. What they got was a man who will alter their lives in the years to come: _________________________. Great Depression Adolf Hitler

22. National Socialist Party Nazi speaking • b. Adolf Hitler was an Austrian German who served on the German side during World War I. It was during this experience that he developed many of his fanatical ideas. Following the war, as many Germans were, he was disillusioned with the Treaty of Versailles. That, and other hardships, led him to join the ___________________________, AKA the ____________ Party. His greatest strength was his public ___________________________ skills. Through this, he became a major player in the Nazi Party.

23. Mein Kampf • c. Inspired by happenings in Italy, Hitler attempted to lead a coup de’ tat in 1923, but failed. He was arrested and sentenced to jail. There, he composed his famous book, _________________________ (My Struggle.) In it, he promoted many of the ideas that would shape Nazi Germany:

24. Aryans Jewish • 1. Hitler believed that Germans belonged to a superior, master race, known as the ____________. Their greatest enemy was anyone of _________________ descent (He defined anyone of Jewish descent as someone who had a Jewish _______________________.) He believed that the Jews were part of the reason that Germany had lost World War I. This anti-Jewish sentiment is known as ________________________, and provided a scapegoat for the problems in Germany during the 1920’s and 30’s. grandparent Anti-semitism

25. lebensraum Fuhrer • 2. In order for Germany to become a powerful nation again, Hitler called for all people of German descent to be unified. In order to do this, he promoted the idea of ______________________________, or living space. In order to achieve his goals, Hitler believed that Germany needed a strong leader, a ______________. • d. Hitler was released after only serving one year of his sentence. He then worked to legally gain power for the Nazi Party. Through his rhetoric, he attracted many followers to his cause. He vowed to ignore the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and rebuild Germany into a powerful nation. Because of the problems many people faced, the German people rallied behind him.

26. Chancellor • e. In 1933, through legal means, Hitler became ________________ of Germany. Once in power, he set about making Germany a Fascist state.