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Occupational Health. Module 1 – History of Occupational Health. Overview. What is occupational health? Historical figures in occupational health. What is it?. Occupational health is: Part of public health Assuring people are safe at work Preserving and protecting human resources
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Occupational Health Module 1 – History of Occupational Health
Overview • What is occupational health? • Historical figures in occupational health
What is it? • Occupational health is: • Part of public health • Assuring people are safe at work • Preserving and protecting human resources • Multidisciplinary approach to recognition, diagnosis, treatment and prevention and control of work-related diseases, injuries and other conditions
What is it? • The bottom line – making sure people go home from work will all their fingers and toes, and that they have not been exposed to anything that will adversely affect their health • Your job should NOT make you sick!
Dangerous Professions as Punishment "In that direction," the Cat said, waving its right paw round, "lives a Hatter: and in that direction," waving the other paw, "lives a March Hare. Visit either you like: they're both mad." "But I don't want to go among mad people," Alice remarked. "Oh, you can't help that," said the Cat: "we're all mad here. I'm mad. You're mad." Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll.
History • Code of Hammurabi • 2000 B.C. ancient Babylonians • Contains clauses for dealing with injuries, and monetary damages for those who injured others • “If a man has caused the loss of a gentleman’s eye, his own eye shall be caused to be lost.” • LaDou, J. (1986). Introduction to Occupational safety and Health. Chicago: National Safety Council, p.28.
Hippocrates (470 to 410 B.C.) • Greek physician • Father of Medicine (Hippocratic oath) • Believed in rest, good diet, exercise and cleanliness • Observed lead poisoning among miners
Pliny the Elder (23 – 79 A.D.) • Roman senator, writer and scientist • Dangers related to zinc and sulfur • First to recommend respiratory protection • Miners should cover their mouths with an animal bladder
Georgius Agricola (1494-1555) • Wrote De Re Metallica – mining, smelting and refining • Need for ventilation and fresh air in mines • Environmental contamination • Management techniques (shift work) • Ergonomics, mechanical lift processes • Butter is antidote for lead toxicity • Goat’s bladder is used as respiratory protection
Georgius Agricola • Described the following symptoms of arsenic and cadmium “…there is found in the mines black pompholyx, which eats wounds and ulcers to the bone; this also corrodes iron…these is a certain kind of cadmia which eats away at the feet of workmen when they have become wet, and similarly their hands, and injures their lungs and eyes.”
Paracelsus (1493-1591) • "All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy." Von der Besucht, Paracelsus, 1567 • Father of Toxicology • Established concepts of acute and chronic toxicity
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714) • Wrote Diseases of Workers • Urged physicians to ask “Of what trade are you?” as part of medical evaluation • Related occupational diseases to handling of harmful materials or unnatural movements of the body • Father of Occupational Medicine
Percival Pott (1713-1788) • Identified relationship between an occupation (chimney sweep), a toxin (poly-aromatic hydrocarbons) and malignancy (testicular cancer).
Alice Hamilton • Champion of social responsibility • Investigated the cause and effect of worker illness • Interviewed workers in their homes and at their dangerous jobs • Reviewed the evaluation and control of industrial hazards such as lead and silica • Founder of Industrial Hygiene • Wrote Exploring the Dangerous Trades • First woman named to Harvard Medical School staff