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Biotechnology

Biotechnology. What Is Biotechnology?. Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms

aristotle-olson
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Biotechnology

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  1. Biotechnology

  2. What Is Biotechnology? • Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms • Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses

  3. What Are the Stages of Biotechnology Development • Ancient biotechnology- early history as related to food and shelter; Includes domestication • Classical biotechnology- built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food production, and medicine • Modern biotechnology- manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic engineering

  4. Biotechnology– using living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem Historical Examples Fermentation Selective breeding Use of antibiotics Modern Examples Gene cloning Genetic engineering Recombinant DNA technology Human Genome Project

  5. Conventional Biotechnology Biotechnology: involvement of organisms in food or industrial processing  Fermentation

  6. What Is Biotechnology? • GMO- genetically modified organisms. • GEO- genetically enhanced organisms. • With both, the natural genetic material of the organism has been altered. • Roots in bread making, wine brewing, cheese and yogurt fermentation, and classical plant and animal breeding

  7. What Is Biotechnology? • Manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology • Genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes from a location in one organism and either • Transferring them to another organism • Putting them back into the original organism in different combinations

  8. What Is Biotechnology

  9. What Are the Areas of Biotechnology? • Organismic biotechnology- uses intact organisms; Does not alter genetic material • Molecular biotechnology- alters genetic makeup to achieve specific goals • Transgenic organism- an organism with artificially altered genetic material

  10. What Are the Benefits of Biotechnology? • Medicine • Human • Veterinary • Biopharming • Environment • Agriculture • Food products • Industry and manufacturing

  11. What Is Molecular Biology? • Molecular biology- study of molecules in cells • Metabolism- processes by which organisms use nutrients • Anabolism- building tissues from smaller materials • Catabolism- breaking down materials into smaller components

  12. What Are Genetic Engineering Organisms? • Genetic engineering- artificially changing the genetic information in the cells of organisms • Transgenic- an organism that has been genetically modified • GMO- a genetically modified organism • GEO- a genetically enhanced organism

  13. Types of Biotechnology Microbial Biotechnology Agricultural Biotechnology Animal Biotechnology Forensic Biotechnology Bioremediation Aquatic Biotechnology Medical Biotechnology Regulatory Biotechnology

  14. Microbial Biotechnology – manipulation of microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria Create better enzymes More efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal Used to clone and produce large amounts of important proteins used in human medicine Agricultural Biotechnology Genetically engineered, pest-resistant plants Foods with higher protein or vitamin content Drugs developed and grown as plant products Estimated to be a $7 billion market in 2008

  15. Golden ricegene insertion to improve nutrition contents – iron, sulphur and β-carotene (vitamin A precursor)

  16. Bacillus thuringiensis gene application in crops Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

  17. Insertion of biopesticide gene from Bacillus thuringiensis • Cloned in plant to acquire protection of larvae / insects Producing insulin hormone by Escherichia coli

  18. Plant Biotechnology Plant Tissue Culture

  19. Plant (Explants) Bud, root, or leaf Sterilization by Chlorox Solid or liquid media containing required nutrition, hormone, etc. • Growth : • Organ : leaf, root • Callus • Suspension (secondary metabolite)

  20. Callus Plantlet

  21. Plantlet Laboratory acclimation Green house acclimation

  22. Animal Biotechnology Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins Antibodies Animals as important models in basic research Gene “knockout” experiments Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies Animal cloning Source of transplant organs Forensic Biotechnology DNA fingerprinting Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion Paternity cases Identification of human remains Endangered species Tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease

  23. Bioremediation The use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and manmade substances Particularly those that contribute to pollution For example, bacteria that degrade components in crude oil 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska 2010 Gulf oil spill

  24. Aquatic Biotechnology Aquaculture – raising finfish or shellfish in controlled conditions for use as food sources 30% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide Genetic engineering Disease-resistant strains of oysters Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon and other finfish Rich and valuable sources of new genes, proteins and metabolic processes with important applications for human benefits Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules

  25. Medical Biotechnology Involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine Preventive medicine Diagnosis of health and illness Treatment of human diseases New information from Human Genome Project Gene therapy Stem cell technologies

  26. Technique in DNA Recombination and Biotechnology Experiments • Isolation of DNA containing gene of interest and plasmid DNA (vectors) • 2. Incision of gene-of-interest and plasmid DNA (vectors) by restriction enzyme • 3. Insertion of gene-of-interest fragment into nicked plasmid DNA (vectors) • 4. Introduce recombined plasmid (DNA) into host cells, thus the cells are able to synthesize the expected molecule

  27. DNA Recombination technique

  28. How Does Agrobacterium Gene Transfer Work? • Extract DNA from donor • Cut DNA into fragments • Sort DNA fragments • Recombine DNA fragments • Transfer plasmids with bonded DNA • Grow transformed (recipient) cells

  29. What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology? • Plant breeding methods; • Line breeding- breeding successive generations of plants among themselves • Crossbreeding- breeding plants of different varieties or species • Hybridization- breeding individuals from two distinctly different varieties • Selection

  30. Why Are Plants Genetically Engineered? • Resist pests • Resist herbicides • Improved product quality • Pharmaceuticals • Industrial products

  31. What Is a Test Tube Baby? • In vitro fertilization- fertilization of collected ova outside the reproductive tract; Usually in a test tube • Semen is collected from males of desired quality • Ova are removed from females • Sperm and ova are placed in a petri dish or test tube

  32. What Is Gender Preselection? • Gender preselection- choosing the sex of offspring • Sperm sorted before conception • Sperm sorted on basis of chromosome differences • X chromosomes produce female offspring • Y chromosomes produce male offspring

  33. What Is Embryo Transfer? • Embryo transfer- removing fertilized ova (embryos) from donor and implanting in a recipient • Surgical and nonsurgical methods are used to remove and implant • A quality donor female can produce more offspring

  34. What Is Multiple Ovulation? • Multiple ovulation- promoting increased release of ova during estrus • Hormone injections administered prior to estrus • Used with embryo transfer • AI may be used to fertilize ova • After fertilization, embryos are removed and placed in recipients

  35. What Is Cloning? • Clone- new organism that has been produced asexually from a single parent • Genotype is identical to parent • Cells or tissues are cultured

  36. What Is Bioremediation? • Bioremediation- using biological processes to solve environmental problems • Biodegradation- natural processes of microbes in breaking down hydrocarbon materials • Biodegradable- capable of being decomposed by microbes

  37. How Can Bioremediation Be Used? • Oil spills • Wastewater treatment • Heavy metal removal • Chemical degradation

  38. What Is Phytoremediation? • Phytoremediation- process of plants being used to solve pollution problems • Plants absorb and break down pollutants • Used with heavy metals, pesticides, explosives, and leachate

  39. What Is Composting? • Composting- a process that promotes biological decomposition of organic matter • Compost bin- a facility that contains materials for composting • In-vessel composting- using enclosed containers for composting

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