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Emotion

SubjectiveSocial PhysiologicalBehavioral. Aspects of Emotion. Manipulating and Measuring Emotion . Real life manipulationsDirected facial actionRelived emotionsAt least 2 dimensions: intensity (arousal) and valence (pleasantness). Mood vs. Emotion . IntensityLengthAbility to identify triggerFigure-ground.

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Emotion

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    1. Emotion

    3. Manipulating and Measuring Emotion Real life manipulations Directed facial action Relived emotions At least 2 dimensions: intensity (arousal) and valence (pleasantness)

    4. Mood vs. Emotion Intensity Length Ability to identify trigger Figure-ground

    5. Emotion and the Brain Amygdala is involved in the processes of fight or flight behavior, feeding behavior, and sexual behavior Epileptic aura Kluver-Bucy syndrome (damage to the medial temporal lobe) Lesions to right hemisphere impair emotion recognition

    6. Categorizing Emotions Semantic analysis: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust (Johnson-Laird & Oatley, 1989; Oatley & Johnson-Laird, 1990). 2. Self-sorting: happiness/joy, love, surprise, sadness, fear, and anger (Shaver et al., 1987). 3. Facial expression: happiness, surprise, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust (Ekman).

    7. Facial Feedback Hypothesis 80 muscles in the face, 3 dozen are influential in facial expression (Reeve, 1997). If there is no distinctive facial expression, then there is no emotion (Ekman). Facial feedback is interpreted by the brain as being a certain emotion. Once an emotion is activated, the whole body becomes aroused.• Arousal and external stimuli maintain the emotion after facial feedback initiates it.

    8. Evidence for Facial Feedback Hypothesis

    9. Strack and colleagues (1988) Participants hold pen in mouths in one of two ways while rating cartoons for humor content Between their teeth (contracts muscles associated with smiling) Between their lips (prevents contraction of smiling muscles) Control (hold pen in non-dominant hand) Evidence for Facial Feedback Hypothesis

    10. James-Lange Theory An emotion-provoking stimulus directly produces physiological changes and behavior, and then these events produce the feeling of an emotion.

    11. Criticisms of James-Lange Theory (Cannon) Bodily changes could be eliminated without disturbing emotions Feedback from physiological changes are similar for different emotions – thus could not determine emotional state Viscera (feedback to brain for emotional experience) are not very sensitive Changes to viscera too slow to provide experience of emotion Artificially inducing arousal did not lead to “emotion”

    12. Schachter and Singer Theory (Two Factor Theory) We have the feeling of an emotion when two factors are present: we are physiologically aroused, and we interpret that arousal in terms of a specific emotion based on the situation we are in.

    13. Arousal and Emotional Explanation for the Arousal were the two key variables manipulated: Participants injected with “suproxin” Placebo or Epinephrine Participants either informed or misinformed about the effects of the drug Confederate acted angry or euphoric Schachter and Singer (1962) (Two Factor Theory)

    14. Prediction: Epinephrine uninformed more angry/happy than informed—Why? Because they attributed their arousal (which was drug induced) to the situation. Implication: Emotions are somewhat arbitrary, depending on what the most plausible explanation for the arousal happens to be. Schachter and Singer Cognitive/Appraisal Theory (Two Factor Theory)

    15. Cognitive/Appraisal Theory Applied in Another Context

    16. Cognitive/Appraisal Theory Applied in Another Context

    17. Is Experiencing Actual Arousal Needed? Valins (1966) Argued that actual arousal may not be needed Led male participants to believe their heart rate increased in response to pictures of women

    18. Expressions of Emotion When alone vs. around others. Miller’s monkey studies Women versus Men

    19. Emotion Recognition and Childhood Abuse

    20. Emotion Recognition and Childhood Abuse

    21. Emotion Recognition and Childhood Abuse

    22. Emotion Recognition and Aggression

    23. “Your face is going to get stuck like that!”

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