Induction of Anesthesia and Insertion of a Laryngeal Mask Airway in the Prone Position for Minor Surgery

1. Induction of Anesthesia and Insertion of a Laryngeal Mask Airway in the Prone Position for Minor Surgery A&A Vol. 94(5)  May 2002 R3 陳建宇

2. Methods • 73 consecutive ASA physical status I–II patients • Ambulatory surgery • General anesthesia in the prone position • Exclusion criteria: suspected airway difficulties, poor dentition, serious skeletal disease, history of gastroesophageal reflux, and lack of patient cooperation

3. Methods • Prone position with pillows under the chest and the feet, allowing free anterior abdominal wall movement • Hands were placed above the patient’s head, which was inclined to the left or right on a soft head ring • When the patient was comfortable, standard monitors were applied

4. Figure 1. Before induction, the patient lies comfortably with her chest on two pillows and her feet on one pillow as shown

5. Methods • O2 6 L/min via face mask • Fentanyl 1 µg/kg IV • Propofol 2–4 mg/kg IV • After loss of consciousness, the head ring was removed and the face mask was applied firmly with 100% oxygen

6. Methods • Nondominant hand placed on the patient’s forehead turned slightly to the side and the assistant opening the mouth, the LMA was inserted • As the LMA passed the incisors, the patient’s chin was released, allowing the tongue to fall forwards, thereby opening up the posterior oropharyngeal space for the LMA

7. Methods • After inflation of the cuff, the head was carefully laid to the left or right onto the head ring • Breathe spontaneously with nitrous oxide and sevoflurane in oxygen • Antiemetic and additional opioid drugs were given as required for the specific operative procedure

8. Figure 2. Face mask applied to the patient’s face

9. Figure 3. Patient’s mandible pulled forward to allow insertion of laryngeal mask airway

10. Figure 4. Laryngeal mask airway in situ

11. Results • Before induction, three patients with a short neck, one with a stiff neck, and one with sore breasts were assisted to repositioning themselves in the prone position until there was no discomfort • All patients were easy to ventilate manually via the face mask • One developed laryngospasm after insertion of the LMA and required additional propofol

12. Table 1. Patient Characteristics Data expressed as mean ± sd and range.

13. Table 2. Operative Details Duration expressed as median (range). EUA = examination under anesthesia.

14. Table 3. Cardiorespiratory MeasurementsData expressed as mean ± sd.MAP = mean arterial pressure; HR = heart rate; SpoMDNM2 = oxygenation saturation; RR = respiratory rate; ETcoMDNM2 = end-tidal carbon dioxide

15. Table 4. Problems Encountered LMA = laryngeal mask airway

16. Discussion • Alternative method for providing anesthesia in the prone position for ambulatory surgery • The difference between this method and others is that with the LMA it is possible to induce anesthesia in the prone position and maintain an unimpeded airway • All complications encountered were minor and were amenable to routine management

17. Discussion • After induction, the jaw and tongue fell anteriorly and were easy to ventilate manually via a face mask • No problems were encountered with transient apnea • One case of laryngospasm and nine cases of difficulty with insertion of the LMA • The problems were attributable to inadequate depth of anesthesia and responded readily to additional increments of propofol

18. Discussion • Malpositioning of the LMA occurred in four patients • Three were resolved with simple readjustment of the position of the LMA • One patient who was edentulous it was necessary for the anesthesiologist to hold the LMA in the correct position for the duration of the anesthetic

19. Discussion • No rotatory displacement of the LMA because of head turning in the prone position • Few episodes of oxygen desaturation and hypoventilation were resolved with manual ventilation via the LMA

20. Discussion Schebesta et al– (A method of spontaneously breathing anaesthesia in the prone position without endotracheal intubation.Anaesth Intensive Care 1991; 19) • Nasopharyngeal airway • Anesthesia was induced in the prone position for short surgical procedures • Airway was inserted after induction and patients were allowed to breathe spontaneously

21. Discussion • In comparison with the LMA, the nasopharyngeal airway is tolerated better at lighter levels of anesthesia • However, there is additional pollution, dilution of inhaled anesthetics via oral entrainment and potential for nasal trauma • With our method, there were two cases of bleeding related to soft tissue trauma to the airway by the LMA

22. Discussion Palmon SC et al— (The effect of the prone position on pulmonary mechanics is frame-dependent. Anesth Analg 1998; 87) • 77 adults undergoing mechanical ventilation • Reduction in compliance occurred with the chest rolls and pelvis support placed laterally from chest to pelvis • If there is restriction to movement of the abdomen in prone position, reduction of pulmonary compliance that can affect oxygenation and ventilation

23. Discussion • Effect did not occur in our patient due to the relatively free abdominal movement provided by the two pillows supports • Therefore, despite allowing patients to breathe spontaneously, oxygenation and ventilation were not adversely affected

24. Discussion • Cardiovascular stability was maintained in our series of patients • Although the prone position is not the standard position for inducing anesthesia, it is a position in which central venous cannulation , cardiopulmonary resuscitation , and semi-awake fiberoptic intubation have taken place

25. Discussion Success of the techniques require— • Skill that comes from practice • Confidence • Knowledge that at any time it may be necessary to turn the patient supine for emergency management of any problems

26. Discussion • Problems encountered were relatively minor— easily managed by increasing the depth of anesthesia and simple manual adjustment of the position of the LMA

27. Discussion • Recommend the technique as an alternative method for anesthesiologists who will practice it on a regular basis • This technique can be easily learned and practiced within approximately 10 supervised cases

28. Discussion • A modification of our technique would involve the use of muscle relaxation and positive pressure ventilation via the LMA in the prone position • As none of the patients required muscle relaxation for their surgery, we do not have data to support or discourage their use

29. Discussion Advantages– • Rapid tracking of patients is essential in day surgery • However, the prone position is required for additional time for preparation and recovery of patients • In addition, the need to turn anesthetized patients requires extra operating room staff

30. Insertion of a Laryngeal Mask Airway in the Prone Position [ LETTERS TO THE EDITOR ] A&A Volume 96(4) April 2003 

31. Does not wear gloves • The LMA cuff does not appear to be adequately collapsed— may produce soft tissue trauma to the airway, induce laryngospasm and/or push down the epiglottis

32. LMA does not secure— • Dislodge due to gravity • Squeezed up out of the pharynx when nitrous oxide diffuses into the cuff • LMA should hold passively

33. LMA insertion than mask ventilation— • Main disadvantages of propofol are apnea and airway obstruction • LMA itself can provide a better airway than a conventional mask and oropharyngeal airway • Vventilation via a face mask is not necessary during anesthesia induction with propofol without the use of muscle relaxants

34. No need of neck flexed and head extended— • Tongue falls anteriorly by gravity • Head slightly turned to the side or extended

35. Insertion of a Laryngeal Mask Airway in the Prone Position[LETTERS TO THE EDITOR] A&A Volume 96(4)  April 2003

36. No gloves needed— • The technique did not require insertion of fingers into the patient’s mouth • No contact with body fluids • Wearing gloves may be considered optional

37. Soft tissue trauma— • Any instrumentation of the airway in general anesthetic practice may cause soft tissue trauma and induce laryngospasm • One of the purposes of submitting our paper for publication was to show that problems with the airway were minor and easily corrected

38. LMA was not secured in position— • Not absolutely necessary to tie the LMA in position • In prone position, the proximal end of the LMA and the connector were supported by the operating table

39. All patients were properly oxygenated— • No difficulty ventilation • Tongue falls forwards with gravity in the prone position, thereby opening up the posterior oropharyngeal space for the LMA • Maintenance of the airway and insertion of the LMA were straightforward

40. We disagree with Dr. Bahk’s comment concerning the position of the head and neck. Whether or not the tongue falls forward with gravity, the head and neck should always be in an optimal position for insertion of an airway device; this is a hallmark of good anesthetic practice

41. Thanks for your attention!