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INFRASTRUCTURE CORRIDORS IN RUSSIA - PROS AND CONS: A MINERAL R ESOURCES APPROACH

INFRASTRUCTURE CORRIDORS IN RUSSIA - PROS AND CONS: A MINERAL R ESOURCES APPROACH. DMITRI V. RUNDQVIST, SERGEI V. CHERKASOV Vernadsky State Geological Museum, RAS (Moscow) Russian-French Metallogenic Laboratory.

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INFRASTRUCTURE CORRIDORS IN RUSSIA - PROS AND CONS: A MINERAL R ESOURCES APPROACH

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  1. INFRASTRUCTURE CORRIDORS IN RUSSIA - PROS AND CONS: A MINERAL RESOURCESAPPROACH DMITRI V. RUNDQVIST, SERGEI V. CHERKASOV Vernadsky State Geological Museum, RAS (Moscow) Russian-French Metallogenic Laboratory

  2. History and current situation in Russia (in terms of developing and distribution of mineral resources). • Re-evaluation of mineral potential. • From current situation to the future – challenges and solutions.

  3. USE OF ELEMENTS BY HUMAN BEINGS XVIII century XIX century By 1915 by 1939 by 1975 Antiquity

  4. HISTORY X - early XVI centuries

  5. Granite open pit in Kuznechny, near St. Petersburg

  6. HISTORY XVI - XVII centuries

  7. Deserted open pit in Murmansk Region

  8. HISTORY XX century

  9. Lebedinsky open pit (Kursk magnetic anomaly)

  10. RUSSIA TODAY LAND 12.5% POPULATION 3% FORESTS 22% FRESH WATER 20% TOTAL AREA OF SHELF 30% MINERAL RESOURCES 16%

  11. Geological knowledge about Russia

  12. Map of mineral deposits

  13. For the most important mineral resources, Russia’s share of world resources and reserves is greater than its relative share of the production and consumption of the same commodities

  14. The only exception is the intensive production of platinum group metals and, to some extent, nickel

  15. Norilsk on a frost day

  16. The same place in summer, and… …40 years ago. Norilsk

  17. Norilsk

  18. Besides the decrease in exploration during the last 10 years, we have also had shrinkage of the domestic market. The mining, oil and gas industries have became export-oriented. The share of exports in total production is shown here for 1999. • Oil - 57,3% • Gas – 32% • Coal – 12% • Iron ore –14,9% • Copper –85% • Nickel – 91% • Zinc –59% • Lead –9,1% • Tungsten – 96% At the expense of pre-existing stockpiles, exports reached: • uranium - 416,6% of production (as of 1996) • molybdenum – 356,2% As a result, per capita resource consumption, including energy resources, is now only 1/3 to 1/2 its level in developed countries.

  19. DISTRIBUTION OF RUSSIAN MINERAL RESOURCES BY FEDERAL DISTRICT

  20. DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL RESOURCES IN BILLIONS OF USD AND NUMBER OF DAYS WITH LOW (below 0oC) TEMPERATURE 8000-7000 4000-3000 1300-900 500-200 200-100 (BILLIONS USD) <100

  21. Drilling site in Siberia during snowstorm

  22. 85% of oil 50% of coal 50% of iron produced throughout human history Consumption of metals increased 3- to 5-fold in that period, compared with the previous 35 - 40 years During the last 40-45 years we have utilized

  23. Russia is rich with • energy resources (32% of gas; 12--13% of oil; and 12% of coal – world explored reserves); • precious metals (platinum - 40%, palladium - 90%); • RE and REE (niobium - about 35%, tantalum - about 80%, yttrium - 50%, lithium - 28%, beryllium - 15%, and zirconium, 12%); • metals for metallurgy (Ni – 36%, Fe – 27%, Sn – 27%, Co – 20%, Zn – 16%, Pb – 12%.); • agrochemical ores (potassium salts – Russia heads the list, apatite and phosphorite – Russia is second in the World). • Russia has the largest diamond resources in the world and ranks third in gold.

  24. REASONS TO RE-EVALUATE MINERAL POTENTIAL • GROWING DEMAND, CHANGING THE STRUCTURE OF DEMAND; • DISCOVERIES OF NEW TYPES OF MINERAL DEPOSITS; • NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF EXTRACTION; • DIFFERENCE IN METHODOLOGY OF EVALUATION IN SOVIET UNION, RUSSIA, AND WESTERN WORLD.

  25. Mineral wealth of Russia. Eds.: B. Mikhailov, O. Petrov, S. Kimelman. SPb., VSEGEI, 2007, 550 p. Mineral resources of Russian Arctic. Ed. D. Dodin. SPb., NAUKA, 2007, 767 p.

  26. Large and Superlarge Mineral Deposits. Vol. 1. D. Rundqvist, A. Tkachev, S. Cherkasov, et al. Ed. D. Rundqvist. Moscow, IGEM RAS, 2006, 390 p. D. Rundqvist, S. Cherkasov, A. Tkachev, et al. Moscow, RFML, 2006.

  27. GENERAL RESULTS OF RAS PROGRAM ON LARGE AND SUPERLARGE MINERAL DEPOSITS Au Ag Cu Mo Au, PGE, Ti, diam. Au, PGE, V diam. Au, Cu, Zn Au, Ti, Zr, Li Au, Ag, Sn, U Au U Cu PGE Au, PGE, Cu, Zn, Mo Cu, Ni, PGE

  28. GENERAL RESULTS OF RAS PROGRAM ON LARGE AND SUPERLARGE MINERAL DEPOSITS Au Ag Cu Mo Au, PGE, Ti, diam. Au, PGE, V diam. Au, Cu, Zn Au, Ti, Zr, Li Au U Cu PGE Au, Ag, Sn, U Au, PGE, Cu, Zn, Mo Cu, Ni, PGE

  29. INFRASTRUCTURE CORRIDORS IN RUSSIA Railway “Industrial Urals – Polar Urals” Above 1000 km About 2,4 bln. dollars plus 3.5 bln. dollars – energy infrastructure Trans-Siberian railway 9288.2 km (Moscow-Vladivostok)

  30. INFRASTRUCTURE CORRIDORS IN RUSSIA Sakha (Yakutia) Republic

  31. Sakha (Yakutia) Republic population 0.95 mln 0.28 mln. – Yakutsk 10 towns, 55 villages France population 60 mln. Germany population 82.5 mln.

  32. Verkhoyanye Ridge Diamond mining – southern Sakha (Yakutia) Buildings on piles

  33. INFRASTRUCTURE CORRIDORS IN RUSSIA

  34. YANA-KOLYMA GOLD BEARING (GREEN) AND VERKHOYANYE SILVER BEARING (RED) PROVINCES Germany

  35. SUMMARY • transportation infrastructure is the key to Russian mineral resources • to develop new territories, we have to think of social and demographic problems, and to solve them using global common sense • new geological prospecting, mining, and refining technologies open up new resources

  36. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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